A COMPENDIOUS GRAMMAR 

OF THE 

EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE. 



Ouicquid praecipies eslo brevis: ut cito dicta 
Percipiant animi dociles, leneantque fideles. 

D.c Art. Poet. III. 55. 



A COMPENDIOUS GRAMMAR 



OF THE 



EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE 



AS CONTAINED IN THE 

COPTIC, SAHIDIC, AND BASHMUEIC DIALECTS; 

TOGETHER WITH 

ALPHABETS AND NUMERALS IN THE HIEROGLYPHIC AND ENCHORIAL CHARACTERS. 

BY THE 

EEV. HENRY TATTAM. LL. D., D. D., F. R. S. 

Sector of #tanforb Bioers. 

SECOND EDITION 
REVISED AND IMPROVED 




WILLIAMS & NORGATE: 

14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, 

AND 

20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH. 
1863. 



.-* 



^ ili 



\ v 



PRINTED BY PR. NIES (CARL B. LORCK) IN LEIPZIG. 



TO 

JOHN LEE ESQ*. 

LL. D., F. R. S., P. A. S., &. &. 
IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF 

THE MANY FACILITIES AFFORDED 
IN THE PROSECUTION OF 

HIS EGYPTIAN STUDIES 

THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 

BY THE AUTHOR. 



PREFACE. 

Egyptian Literature has of late years attracted 
particular attention. All that has come down to us of 
the Language and Literature of ancient Egypt is con- 
tained in the Coptic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric Dialects; 
and in the Enchorial, Hieratic, and Hieroglyphic Inscrip- 
tions, and Manuscripts. 

Without attempting to trace the origin of the Egyp- 
tian Language, we may just remark that the learned 
Rossius in his "Etymologise iEgyptiacse," has shown the 
affinity of a number of Coptic and Sahidic words to the 
Oriental Languages; which affinity to a certain extent, 
it must be admitted, does exist.*) 



*) In Rawlinson's Herodotus are the following observations. "The 
Egyptian Language might, from its grammar, appear to claim a Semitic 
origin, but it is not really one of that family, like the Arabic, Hebrew, 



VIII PREFACE. 

Nor need we be surprised at this, when we con- 
sider the intercourse of the Jews, Syrians, Persians, 
Chaldeans, and Arabians with the Egyptians: but whe- 
ther these words were originally Egyptian, or whether 
they were adopted from other languages, it is impossible 
for us to determine. M. Klaproth, a Gentleman well 
acquainted with Asiatic Languages, has also pointed out 
the resemblance of a considerable number of Egyptian 



and others; nor is it one of the Sanscrit family, though it shows a 
primitive affinity to the Sanscrit in certain points; and this has been 
accounted for by the Egyptians being an offset from the early "undi- 
vided Asiatic stock ;" — a conclusion consistent with the fact of their 
language being "much less developed than the Semitic and Sanscrit, 
and yet admitting the principle of those inflictions and radical forma- 
tions which we find developed, sometimes in one, sometimes in the other* 
of those great families. " Besides certain affinities with the Sanscrit, 
it has others with the Celtic, and the languages of Africa; and Dr. 
Ch. Meyer thinks that Celtic "in all its non-Semitic features most 
strikingly corresponds with the old Egyptian." It is also the opinion 
of M. Mailer that the Egyptian bears an affinity both to the Arian and 
Semitic dialects , from its having been an offset of the original Asiatic 
tongue, which was their common parent before this was broken up into 
the Turanian, Arian and Semitic. 

.In its grammatical construction, Egyptian has the greatest re- 
semblance to the Semitic ; and if it has less of this character than the 
Hebrew, and other purely Semitic dialects, this is explained by the 
latter having been developed after the separation of the original tongue 
into the Arian and Semitic, and by the Egyptian having retained a 
portion of both elements. There is, however, a possibility that the 
Egyptian may have been a compound language , formed from two or 
more after the first migration of the race , and foreign elements may 
have been then added to it, as in the case of some other languages.- 
Rawlinson's Herodotus vol. II. p. 279. 



PREFACE. IX 

words to some of the dialects of the north of Asia, and 
the north of Europe: this discovery appears to have 
raised a douht in his mind of the African origin of the 
Egyptians. The fact is, the remains we possess of the 
Egyptian Language, when separated from the Greek, 
with which it is in some measure mixed up, have no near 
resemblance to any one of the ancient or modern lan- 
guages* 

The importance of the Ancient Egyptian Language to 
the Antiquary , will at once appear, when we consider that 
the knowledge of it is necessary before the inscriptions 
on the Monuments of Egypt can be properly understood, 
and the Enchorial and Hieratic Manuscripts can be fully 
deciphered. 

Nor is it of less importance to the Biblical Stu- 
dent. The Egyptian Versions are supposed to have been 
made about the second century;** and if they were not 



* Dr. Murray says, "The Coptic is an original tongue, for it de- 
rives all its indeclinable words and particles from radicals pertaining 
to itself. Its verbs are derived from its own resources. There is no 
mixture of any foreign language in its composition, except Greek." 
Bruce 's Travels, vol. II. p. 473. 

** Zosimus , as quoted by Fabricius, says, that the old Testament 
was translated into Egyptian, when the Septuagint Translation was 
made. "Biblia tunc non in Graecam tantum, sed etiam Aegyptiis in' 
v'ernaculam linguam fuisse translata." p. 196. 

The Talmudists say, "It is lawful for the Copts to read the Law 
in Coptic." Tychsensins. See also Buxtorfs Talpiudic Lex. p. 1571. 
Also. "It is permitted to write the Law in Egyptian." Babyl. Talmud, 



X PEEFACE. 

the first, they certainly were among the most early 
Translations of the Scriptures into the Languages of the 
East: and perhaps the Egyptian New Testament is of 
equal or even of greater authority than any of the an- 
cient Versions. The Coptic or Memphitic, and the Sa- 
hidic or Thebaic, are distinct versions. The Translations 
of the old Testament, as will be readily supposed, were 
made from the Septuagint, and not from the Hebrew 
Scriptures. These versions will be found of great use 
in assisting to determine the reading of many passages 
of the Septuagint, and in fixing the meaning of many 
expressions. We may also observe that the quotation 
from Jeremy the Prophet, Matthew XXVII, 9. is found 
in fragments of Jeremiah in these versions: it is differ- 
ent from the parallel passage in Zachariah XI, 12, 13. 
and agrees with the quotation in St. Matthew. The Sahidic 
New Testament contains many important readings, and 
merits the closest attention of the Scholar and Divine. 

The terms Coptic and Sahidic were adopted in 
the first edition of the grammar, instead of Memphitic 
and Thebaic, lest confusion should be created; as the 



Seder Med. Schal. £ 115. These expressions seem to imply the exis- 
tence of the Law in Coptic. 

For the arguments in support of the Translation of the New Tes- 
tament into Egyptian in the second century, see Wilkinson 's Introduction 
to the Coptic New Testament, and The Introduction to the Sahidic Frag- 
ments. 



PREFACE. XI 

former terms are used in those Egyptian Publications 
which have issued from the Oxford University Press. 

The defects and mistakes of the former edition the 
Author trusts have been corrected in this, and he has 
endeavoured to render this edition worthy of the con- 
fidence and patronage of the Students of Egyptian Li- 
terature. 

Stanford Rivers Rectory. 
Stoj, 1862. 



Observations 

on the 

Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets, 

with a few remarks relative to their use. 

The glory of Egypt has long since passed away, 
but enough of its learning remains in the Sculptured 
Monuments of Ancient Egypt, and in existing Papyri 
to excite the most intense interest. These stores had 
long engaged the attention of the Learned who had in 
vain endeavoured to decipher them till our indefatigable 
and learned countryman Dr. Young , and a little later 
in point of time M. Champollion, turned their energies 
to the subject with considerable success. And since their 
day the subject has not been permitted to slumber, for 
other learned men have entered the field, and put be- 
fore the world all that these monuments have preserved, 
which had been hid from the researches of the wise for 
so many ages. 



XIV Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. 

In the year 1814 Dr. Young commenced a labor- 
ious examination of the triple Inscription on the Ro- 
setta Stone. This stone, which is much mutilated, was 
discovered by the French at Rosetta, and was shortly 
afterwards brought to this country. The Inscription is 
written in Greek, in Hieroglyphic, and in the Enchorial 
(syx 0) Q la )* or native character. Dr. Young entered upon 
the investigation after the Baron De Sacy and Mr. Aker- 
blad had given up the attempt. By writing the Greek 
above the Enchorial, which reads from right to left, and 
comparing one part with another, Dr. Young succeeded 
in deciphering it, being aided by the words King, Coun- 
try, and, &c. which had been discovered. Dr. Young next 
turned his attention to the Hieroglyphic Inscription, 
which was much mutilated: this he also deciphered by 
the aid of the two other Inscriptions. Having satis- 
factorily ascertained the name of Ptolemy, which was 
enclosed in a ring or oval, he justly conceived that the 
characters composing the name might be used otherwise 
than symbolically; he therefore proceeded to apply these 
characters Phonetically, or Alphabetically , as well as those 
contained in the name of Bei^enice, which he had ascer- 
tained, which was found with that of Ptolemy at Karnak: 
and by the aid of these characters he succeeded in de- 



* This word is used in the Rosetta inscription and elsewhere. 



Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. XV 

ciphering other groups. Mr. Banks, who had received 
a communication from Dr. Young while he was in Egypt, 
discovered the names of Ptolemy and Cleopatra on a 
Temple and Obelisk at Philse, which corresponded with 
the Greek dedicatory Inscriptions found upon the build- 
ings, thus confirming Dr. Young's discoveries. 

The letters in these names being thus ascertained 
and established, the system was taken up and extended 
by M. Champollion, and afterwards by Mr. Salt, our 
then consul general in Egypt. Since then, many emi- 
nent individuals, too numerous to name, have success- 
fully pursued this branch of the Literature of Ancient 
Egypt, and the world is in possession of their labours. 

From the researches of Dr. Young, M. Champollion, 
and others, the accompanying Alphabets are constructed. 

The names of Kings, and of other distinguished in- 
dividuals, are generally enclosed in ovals. 

The characters are sometimes read from right to 
left, and at others from left to right, or from the top 
downwards; nor is the order in placing the characters 
always strictly observed, for in many instances it could 
not conveniently be clone. We however state as a rule 
that the characters are always read from the side to- 
wards which the animals look. 

The gender of nouns is expressed by Articles as 
in Coptic ; the Hieroglyph or Q corresponding with 



XY1 Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. 

n or (}). masculine singular, and *, with t, e or | ^i-\ 
fem. in Coptic, as in the names of Cleopatra, Arsinoe, 
and Berenice. The character /mmm J' has the power of 
q in the Rosetta Inscription. If we may be allowed to 
reason from analogy I should be induced to say that the 
plural is formed by ^^ — or ^ agreeing with m 
Coptic, or by these characters doubled; as ^^. zzz or 

Jf . kfm, or ni. Coptic. The plural is also formed by 
Ml. and the dual by If, in the Rosetta Inscription. lam 
also inclined to think that the genitive is formed by ~wna, 
and the Prefixes, Pronouns, A he grouping of 

veral of the Phonetic characters: as ■ hk, or hak, 

~~> . nq, or NAq; Z££Z nc, or hac A 

The Alphabetic or Phonetic,* was one of the 



I emeus Alexandrians , who flourished about the second century 
is supposed to mention with correctness the lands of writing- used by 
the Egyptians. His words are these: 

rtxa oi xcco Aiytmrioiq xtufevofAtroi, noerrov yaw tuoh 

re§p ranf ^jtyirxruav y^afipurc&w ftt&Qdo* txfitgv&aroroi, rip ezi- 

GTO/.oyoaff txr/v xaAovfievqw Sevreoctr b*e 9 tvj» uottzixr/r, q 7.ofaw- 

Tui oi ieooyoafjiuaTcu TT&rq* tie xtu xO^vziuaw Tfj9 Uoo- 

/. . . u.er errri Sue t&v jWC^tojv GTQiyu&v xugtoZo- 

i 6e gi : ' . y. vtjQ tk oi^.jc'/. at g a k -trot 

vu fupuqaiv ti <T &<7xeg rooxtxtag yoatfereu^ ij Se cerrixovg 

yooetrui vara nwzg aiviyftovg- i))uop yow yoailmt fiovJLo- 

puevoi y. /. n Motown ua fitjtotidzg, xterce to 

r jVuevov eiSog- roojuxmg <fc x€tr Qixeioryra fiertt)^ 

cTcrri&e ------ - - 

fjburil ~ . -- ~iv. Strom, L. 4. c. 4. 

„Jam vero qui docenturab Aegyptiis, primumquidem discunt Aegy- 



Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. XVII 

modes of Hieroglyphic writing; but besides this the 
Egyptians had another called Symbolic, which is sub- 
divided into various kinds. One kind of Symbolic writ- 
ing was by direct imitation, or pictorial representations 
of the things intended to be expressed; as a bullock or 
a ram was represented by a figure of the animal; and a 
bow and arrow by a graphic imitation of them. Another 
kind of Symbolic writing was the Tropical or Figurative ; 
that is by metaphors and similitudes. The third kind of 
Symbolic writing was called Enigmatical. For instance, 



ptiarum litterarum viam ac rationem quae vocaturEpistolographica: se- 
cundo autem hieraticam, qua utuntur Hierogrammates : ultimam autem 
Hieroglyphicam : cujus una quidem species est per prima elementa, 
Cyriologica dicta: altera vero Symbolica. Symbolicae autem una qui- 
dem proprie loquitur per imitationem : alia vero scribitur velut Tropice : 
alia vero fere significat per quaedam Aenigmata. Qui solem itaque 
volunt scribere , faciunt circulum : lunam autem figuram lunae , cor- 
nuum formam prae se ferentem, convenienter ei formae quae proprie 
loquitur. Tropice autem per convenientiam traducentes et transferentes, 
et alia quidem immutantes, alia vero multis figuris imprimunt." 

Porphyry has communicated much the same information on the 
subject. 

Ev Atyvnrcp fiev roig Uqzvgi gvptjv 6 Uv&ccyoQctq, xcct ttjv 
oocpiav e&fjLCc&e, xai rr]v jLiyvjiTiaov (pavrjv yoapLfxarav de tqigguq, 
SiacpoQag, eitiGroXoygacpixav rexcu iegoylvcpixcovxcuovfifioXixcov 
tcov jusv xoivoXoyovfjievcov xara /Ltifiyaiv, rcov Se aXXfjyoQovfievcov 
xara nvag aivey/uovg. 

De Vit. Pythag. CII, 12. 
„In Aegypto cum sacerdotibus vixit Pythagoras, et sapientiam 
didicit, ac linguam Aegyptiorum : literarum autem tria genera, Episto- 
lographicas, Hieroglyphic as, et Symbolicas, quarum illae (Hierogly- 
phicae) quidem res exponunt imitatione. Hae (Symbolicae) vero sub 
Aenigmatis quibusdam latenter ostendunt." 



XVIII Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. 

to express the sun they formed a circle, and for the 
moon they traced the figure of a crescent. 

At what period Hieroglyphic writing was first used 
in Egypt it is impossible to say; but the inscriptions 
on the monuments carry us back to a very ancient date. 
The name of Tirhakah king of Ethiopia, (2. Kings XIX, 9.) 
who flourished about 700 years before Christ, was dis- 
covered by Mr. Salt at Medinet Haboo, and at Birkel 
in Ethiopia in Phonetic Characters. M. Champollion 
also found at Karnak the name of Shishak king of Egypt, 
(1. Kings XIV, 25, 26.) Phonetically written, who lived 
about 970 years before Christ. "He is represented as 
dragging the chiefs of thirty conquered Nations to the 
feet of the Theban Trinity. n Among these he found 
written in letters at full length, Joudaha Melek, "The king 
of the Jews." This may be considered as a commentary 
on the above named chapter. We may probably conclude 
in the words of the Poet: 

„Nondum flumineas Memphis contexere biblos 
Noverat: et saxis tantum volucresque feraeque 
Sculptaque servabant magicas animalia linguas." 

Lucan. Phars. lib. III. 221. 

The Hieratic or Sacerdotal characters are im- 
mediately derived from the Hieroglyphic, which will at 
once appear evident on comparing them. "These cha- 
racters appear to have been intended for simple imita- 



Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. XIX 

tions of the Hieroglyphics: and from these the Encho- 
rial or Popular characters seem to have been derived." 

"The manuscripts, which belong to the time of 
Psammetichus, appear to be decidedly Hieratic, and to 
follow closely the traces of the distinct characters, while 
those of Darius approach in some degree to the Encho- 
rial form, which probably came into common use as the 
"epistolographic" character, while the Hieratic was so called 
as being more employed by the Priests for the purposes 
of their religion." 

I am indebted to the kindness of C. W. Goodwin 
Esqr. for the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets, and 
for the following observations on those Alphabets. 

"The Hieroglyphic writing comprises between 60 
and 70 signs which are alphabetic, that is, which re- 
present simple vowel and consonantial sounds. There 
are also nearly 200 more which are syllabic, that is they 
represent combinations of simple sounds. Some of these 
latter signs are appropriated to particular words, others 
are in common use, -and occur in the spelling of words 
of all kinds. 

As an example of the Alphabetic signs we may take 
5^ the owl, which represents the letter m. It often how- 
ever stands alone, like h in Coptic, in which case we 
must suppose that a vowel sound a or e was either pre- 
fixed or postfixed in pronunciation. An example of the 



XX Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphab ets. 

syllabic signs is -g- which represents the combination 
am. Signs of this kind are often com ined with one or 
more of the alphabetic signs. Thus for the simple -0- 
we have sometimes -J- §^, sometimes \ a§^ both of which 
combinations are sounded simply am. Many characters 
which are really syllabic were inserted in the earlier 
lists which were formed, as alphabetic. It is probable 
that all the Hieroglyphic characters were originally syl- 
labic, and that those which subsequently became pure 
consonants, had at first a complementary vowel. 

The Hieroglyphic list includes only those characters 
which are purely alphabetic. Those which are found in 
late inscriptions are marked with an asterisk. * A few 
of which the sound may be considered still open to doubt 
are marked with a query ?" — 

"The Hieratic writing was formed from the Hiero- 
glyphic, by a gradual modification of the original forms, 
many of which became so altered as to be capable of 
identification only by comparison of identical texts written 
in both kinds of characters, of which the Rituals furnish 
abundant examples. Many varieties of Hieratic exist, just 
as there are many kinds of handwriting amongst our- 
selves, all reducible to the old square Roman character. 

About 600 B. C. the Demotic or Enchorial was 
ormed , being only an abbreviated or degenerated form of 
the Hieratic, trough which its letters may be traced 






Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. XXI 

up to the original Hieroglyphics. — The Demotic or En- 
chorial writing comprises, like the Hieroglyphic and Hie- 
ratic, a limited number of purely alphabetical characters, 
and also a good many syllabic ones. The list here given 
is taken from the Demotic Grammar of Dr. Brugsch, and 
comprises only those characters which may be considered 
as purely alphabetic. The reading is from right to left." 



Index to the Subjects. 



Chap. I. 

Page 

The Alphabet . 1 

Chap. II. 

Pronunciation of the letters 3 

Chap. m. 

Of Points and Abreviations 7 

Part II. Etymology. Articles 10—13 

Chap. IV. 

Of Nouns 13 

Cases of Nouns 21 

Chap. V. 
Of Adjectives 24 

Chap. VI. 

Of Personal and Kelative Pronouns 27 

Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes • 35 

Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers 41 



XXIV Index of the Subjects. 

Chap. VH. 

Paffe 

Of Verbs 45 

Prefixes and Suffixes 45. 97 

Verbs united with particles . 65 

Participles 78 

Negative Prefixes 79 

Auxiliary verb 0pp and TpP 89 

Irregular and defective Verbs 91 

Adverbs and Conjunctions 99. 103 

Prepositions 100 

Chap. VIII. 

Formation of words 1 04 

Dialects 106 — 109 

Praxis of the first Chap, of John 110 



Enchorial or Demotic Alphabet. 



A 


JL (II) <l 3 j 2J 1 | 


I 


1 / uZ lit 


OU 


io C5) ? r 


B 


*-£+. 


F, V 


y 


K 


r- J< 4» U l. 1 iZ 


R 


9 x> ,x=> O / 


L 


* 


M 


d2> 


N 


r - - -o 


P 


1 2- - \f * 


ST 


-*- il -*- <» M 


SH 


AS3 


T 


iJ^ A ^ 


x, 6 


'+- 'L. 1_ 


KH,b 


^i 


H 


/»>*K 



Hieroglyphic Alphabet. 



A- 


'iaftffhlw.- 


<*l 


I, E 


,/M 




u, ou, Sh <•> 4 




B 


*L-rf *L 




F, V 


*&,_/ 




K 


*rLU a — 




R, L 


*« *L <=> 




M 


•T&fc-iv, 


^L c^V ^i 


N 


ym w /s*A/\ 




P 


*B 




S 


*^£~ r 


1 


Sh 


?<& m nnn 




T 


]jb— - 




T (x) 


3*1^- 




KH 


P"«e J# 





h *t-¥*ra8 



All these figures admit of being- turned the other way and read from 
left to right. 






Enchorial or Demotic Numbers. 

1 T A I 60 2Z — 

2 «J 70 2 

3 \) \) ll| 80 ^ , 

4 VV \ 7 n^ 90 \{ 

5^1 100 ^> 

6 £ < ^ 200 ^ 

7 ^5 ^ 300 J^J 
S 2A X) 400 «H' 
9 ^f | 500 ^g 

10 ^ 600 — "\ 

20 j 700 —>2 

30 ^ 800 _,ujj 

40 ^L 900 ^3 

50 3 1000 I, 



Hieroglyphic Numbers. 

1. i. 21. nm. 

2. ii. 22. nnn- 

3. in. so. nnn- 

4. mi. 40 - nnnn- 

5. inn. V, 1 50. nnnnrr 



6. Ill III. 



7. UN III. 



ViV. 



60. fiRR. 

™- tot 

s. « ;;;;. «>. rrrr^ 

9. v.v, 1 - 90 %sw 

100. ^. 

200. JJ. 

300. ???. 

400. ????. 

500. JJffl. 

20. nn- 100 °- *•&■ 



io. n- n. 

ii. m. 

12. nn. 

13. nm- 
16. mum 



/) 



CHAP. I. 

The Coptic, or Egyptian Alphabet. 



Egypt. Alphabet. 


Names of Letters. English soU^^ 


Numb. 


A 


A 


aA(J)a 


alpha 


a 


1 


B 


B 


BHTA 


beta 


b 


2 


r 


r 


TAMMA 


gamma 


9 


3 


A 


a 


2^AtA 


delta 


d 


4 


e 


H 


m 


ei 


e short 


5 


Z 


I 


2;hta 


zeta 


z 


7 


H 


H 


£hta 


heta 


e long 


8 





e 


GHTA 


theta 


th 


9 


I 


i 


l(OTA 


iota 


i 


10 


K 


K 


KAITTTA 


kappa 


k 


20 


A 


A 


Aay^a 


lauda 


I 


30 


M 


M 


Ml 


mi 


m 


40 


N 


N 


Nl 


ni 


n 


50 


£ 


£ 


l l 


xi 


X 


60 








oy 


ou 


o short 


70 


n 


TT 


ni 


Pi 


P 


80 



Chap. I. The Coptic, or Egyptian Alphabet. 



pt. Alphabet. 


Names of Letters. 


English sounds. 


Numb. 


p 


P 


po 


ro 


;■ 


100 


C 


c 


CIMA 


sima 


s 


200 


T 


T 


TAy 


tau 


t 


300 


T 


Y 


er 


hu 


it 


400 


<P 


* 


(j)l 


phi 


pk 


500 


X 


X 


XI 


chi 


ch 


600 


* 


A> 


4" 


psi 


ps 


700 


0) 


0) 


coy 


Oil 


o long 


800 


0) 


£ 


O^Fl 


shei 


*h 


900 


q 


q 


qpt 


fei 


/" 


90 


b 


b 


t>Fl 


khei 


kh 




Z 


z 


eopi 


hori 


h 




X 


X 


X AN XI A 


gangia 


y* 




6 


6 


(Tim a 


shima 


sh 




t 


t 


TFl 


dei 


ti 





It will be seen from the foregoing Alphabet that 
the Egyptians adopted the Greek Letters with the addition 
of seven other characters. Anciently the Hieroglyphic, 
Hieratic, and Demotic characters were only used in Egypt : 
but when Christianity prevailed in that country those 
characters were discontinued, and the Alphabet here given 
was generally, if not altogether adopted in their stead. 
It may be here observed that the five following letters. 

viz. r, a, £, J. anc ^ 4^ were not usec * °y tne Egyp&fcns 
in their own language, but only in words adopted from 
the Greek. 



Cli-ap. II. T]ie pronunciation of the Letters. 3 

CHAP. II. 

The pronunciation of the Letters. 

The following is the pronunciation of the letters 
which now prevails among the Copts of Egypt. 

A. is pronounced as a in man with us, and is often used in 
Bash, instead of f, o and a>: as AN£ for omJd, nabf for 
nobf, anf£ for fnf^, and pFqfc>ATFB for ppqfcxjDTEB. 

B. is sounded as b in BAByAcoN, and as v in BKTCop, 
icdban. It is also used instead of q and (J), as bi 
for qi, and a)BHp for a}(j)np, and it sometimes inter- 
changes with n, as atta for ABBA. 

r. never occurs in Egyptian words, except when it is 
used instead of other Letters, or is found in Greek 
words. It is used instead of k and x, as anp for 

ANK, NPforNK, TO)NrforTO)NK, MAArF for MAAXP ; 

and in Greek words as ANArKH. 
7s.. was never used by the ancient Egyptians, and occurs 
only in foreign words, in which it is sometimes sub- 
stituted for t, as &A£ic for tazic, eFAApoN for 

GFATpON. 

F. is pronounced as e in Greek. It is used in Sahidic 
at the end of words instead of i in Coptic. It is 
also used instead of a in Bashmuric, as g en for 
Z ATT. It is sometimes written instead of h. 

"£. is only used in words of foreign origin. It is some- 
times written for c, as 7(dnt for cggnt. It is also 
written for t, as tgdtta^ion for tooitation. 



4 Chap. II. The pronunciation of the Letters. 

h. is sounded like the Greek letter 17, as mhttotf: it 
was formerly pronounced with a sharp breathing, as 
g.HrEMCDN, ijye/biwv. It is sometimes used for f and 

I, as £HBC for £FBC, THMl for TlHt. 

e. This letter is pronounced as th in gaaafoc. It is 
also pronounced as a. e is used instead of T£ for 
expedition in writing. In Sahidic and Bashmuric t 
is used instead of e, as ftbf for fgbf. g is some- 
times used in Sahidic for (f, as FGAya) for F<fooo). 

i. answers to i in Greek, or ee in English. It often 
changes with pi, as ipp, FipF: ntNF, nFtNF. 

k. is sounded as x in Greek. It is used in Sahidic in- 
stead of x, as kamf for xamf; Kpoyp for xpoyp. 
In Sahidic it is often exchanged for r, as toonp for 

TOONK. 

7\. in Bashmuric answers to p in Coptic, as AAMm for 
poMm; Aihi for piMi. 

H. is pronounced as m in English. 

N. also answers to n in English. 

£. this letter is seldom found in Egyptian words, but 
principally occurs in words derived from other langua- 
ges. It is sometimes used instead of kc, as Goyz 
for Goyuc; zoyp for Kcoyp. 

0. is pronounced as o in Poboam. It is often exchan- 
ged for 03 long, as (jjoopx for (j>ops. 

h. is sounded as b by the modern Egyptians, n is used 
in Sahidic for (j) in Coptic, as ttau} Sah. for 4>A(y 
Coptic. It is sometimes used for b, as AT7A for 

ABBA. 



Chap. II. The pronunciation of the Letters. D 

p. is pronounced as r in ApAM. It is changed in Bash- 
muric for A, as Afn for pAN Coptic. 

c. is enunciated as s in Gcpoun. 

t. is pronounced as &; and it is occasionally used for 
&, as T^ANitA for AanifA. 

y. is sounded like u. It occurs in words of Greek ori- 
gin instead of i, wand Fi; as KyBorroc, for xiffwrog; 
cyMFNiN, for orj/uaivwv; and AyNA for dtcva. 

(j). is pronounced as f; and in the beginning of words 
as b; as <j>Ai bat In Sahidic and Bashmuric n is 
always used instead of (}>. 

X. has the sound of /, or / of the Greeks. It is ex- 
changed with a), and £, as Ra^ip for MFXtp; and 
Xa)TT £0>n. In Sahidic k is used instead of x. 

\\f. is pronounced as ps in Greek. It is rarely used in 
Coptic, hut sometimes it is found for nc in the ex- 
pedition of writing, as \J/it for nciT; \|/oAcfA for 
ttcoAcfA. 

a), is sounded like to of the Greeks. It is frequently 
exchanged with o; and in Sahidic oo is often used 
for a) ; and a in Bashmuric instead of a), as aik for 

COIK. 

a), possesses the same power as w in Hebrew. It is 
changed with c, x, x, <f, and sometimes with £. 

q. is pronounced as f; and it is changed with b, and 
sometimes with (j), as Tnp(|) for Twpq. 

b. This letter answers to the n of the Hebrews. Wil- 
kinson says it has the sound of M. It changes with 
X and K£, as xpp, fc>Fp; and fc>a)K£, hix>h. It never 



6 Chap. II. The pronunciation of the Letters. 

occurs in Sahidic, & being always used in its 
stead. 

£. is pronounced as h or n, and is used for the sharp 
breathing of the Greeks, as ^ottAon onkov, gycomoc 
vootoTiog. 

x. Sir Gardner Wilkinson says: "This letter is pronoun- 
ced hard as g in go, and not as dj? It appears to 
answer to the Arabic _. It changes with r, X, ty, 
and 6~; as MApxApiTHC, (laQya^iz^ rFNF(j)0)p for 
XFNF(])a)p, xpooM for xpoDH. a)oyo)T for xoyojT. 
and (Tog, ro£. 

6~. This letter is pronounced as s or sA by the present 
Copes; as ttcoo~ni. epsoshni; nFNO~bic, pensuais. It 
is exchanged with c and cy, as 6~0)Ng for co)N£, and 
cycoA for do>A. But it is chiefly exchanged with x 
in Sihidic and Bashmuric, as 6~in for xin. It occurs 
in some words of Greek origin instead of v.. 

•f. The Copts of the present day pronounce this double 

. letter as di; but there are some words in which we 

should evidently pronounce it as fci, as batt+cma, 

nAA+A etc. In Sahidic it is exchanged for tf. as 

0)014+, Sail. 0)OMTF. 

The following are examples of pronunciation as 
id ven by Sir G. Wilkinson while in Egypt, fgbf, pro- 
nounced as dtwa ; co)TFM, *cdam ; 6~0M ? shorn; XOM, yam : 
Niorf, Hishdee; UKW^^^hanoodc : moyOMNl. . becoodyncc ; 
FBoAbFN. (weUchdn; FGBHTq, atwutf; TnF. edbe; MFOMm, 
inetmdL 



Chap. TIL Of Points and Abbreviations. 7 

CHAP. ill. 

Of Points and Abbreviations. 

1. When the line in Coptic Q or the horizontal line 
in Sah. ( - ) occurs over consonants, it generally expresses 
the vowel f, as m or R, fm: n or ft, fn. The vowel is 
sometimes written, and at other times it is expressed by 
the line above the consonant, as fmkA£ or MKA£, af- 
fliction: Sah. mn for mfn, nm for nfm, o)Fimo for tyFMMo. 

It appears from some words derived from the Greek, 
that the line ( v ) has been used in Coptic to express the 
vowels a, F and 01 as nagcdg, \hr/Sio6: Noyqi. ovovcpr, 
and ^fctih for tttorrjv. 

It is equally evident from the Sahidic, that the line 
(-) is used for a, f and o; as ank for anok. /; Rtk 
for FTTOK, thou: OyFTTq for oyONTAq he hath; u)MTF 
f >r *o)OMTF. three f. ; nm for nfm and: gfl for £fn. 

3. When the line Q occurs above a vowel in words 
derived from the Greek, we find it expresses the soft or 
hard breathing of the Greeks; as HCAy. 'Hoavv odcanna. 
moavvd ; Abia, *A($iai or it denotes that the letter should 
be pronounced separately, and agrees with the diaeresis 
of the Greeks, as Ctoixoc, ^rolxoq. 

4. The line ( v ) is put over a letter in some words 
to distinguish them from others; as ttfnf^, ever, from 
TTFNF£, thy oil f. 

5. A line above m m. or n n, distinguishes it from 
m or m radical, and from n, the definite article plural 



8 Chap. III. Of Points and Abbreviations. 

before the infix ; (see def. art. plur.) as Ncnoy is glory: 
but Ntnoy, without the point above the n. is to them. 

6. Two points in Sahidic (•*) are sometimes put 
over the letter i. as a contraction of Ft. as oyoiN for 
oyoFiN, light; nxoi'c for nxoFtc, Lord. 

7. Two points are also put over the i. when joined 
with another vowel in Sahidic, in the prefixes and suf- 
fixes to verbs , and in nouns and pronouns, thus : TAxpoi, 
FpoV, NA'i, &TH1, FgpAt, TTA1, TAt, NA1, MFl, UOX, HI &C. 

8. The further use of the line ( v ) and of the points 
(••) will be pointed out as we proceed; but it may be 
here observed, that hardly two Manuscripts of the same 
work, agree in the lines above the letters; and we are 
still ignorant of a portion of them. 

The Circumflex, 

9. The circumflex (") is found in Sahidic Manu- 
scripts over the vowels a, i. h, i, 6 and cc; and also 
over the fi and oy; as oyA, one; na, mercy; rmoyF, 
the heavens; nh, they; U)TFKO, a prison ; <fo3, to remain; 
oyFt. one; oy, what? In some cases the circumflex ap- 
pears to be used instead of doubling the vowels, as a, 
oS, for a A and o>o). The circumflex is not always found 
in Sahidic Manuscripts. 

The Apostrophe. 

10. The apostrophe (') is generally found over the 
last letter of a word in Sahidic, but not always. Its use 
does not appear to be very apparent. I will not there- 
fore add to the conjectures which have been put forth 



Chap. III. Of Points and Abbreviations. 9 

concerning it. It is found thus: nopNtA', ma' ; NoyB', 
Aayeia', ujaxe', c^ime', eiexi', bow', xodk', e^ekihA', 

O)HpF0)HH' ? NMMAN', pRMAO', gAT', UjBHp', C(DTHp\ 

noNwpoc', £An', Rnqoycoo)',, MMoq 5 . 

11. It sometimes occurs in the middle of a word, 
as coA'cA, p'go>B, orfp'Toup, ttek'ka£. 

The Abbreviations. 

12. Some words in Coptic and Sahidic are abbrevi- 
ated in the following manner, with a line or lines above 
the words. 



AAA, 


AAyiA, 


eg, Fey, 


EGOyAB, 


epg, 


EpOC, 


ec, ey, 


0EOC, GEOy, 


biAhm, 


TgiEpoycAAwM, 


mA, 


icpAviA, 


VHC, 


iHcoyc, 


tAhm, 


lEpoycAAwM, 


INC, 


IHCOyC NA^ApEOC CCDTHp, 


TcA, 


icpAviA, 


I 0) A, lOUN, 


ICJOANNHC, 


HE, KC, KN, 


KypiE, Kypioc, uypiON, 


RA, 


ke(])aAeon, 


MM, 


MMApTypiA, 


HgY, 


Mcoy, 


METXpC, 


METXpHCTOC, 


<*> . 


on, as MycTuptu, 


0? 


oy, as oog, 



10 



Part II. Etymology. 


oyo, oyoe, 




n^p, napesNoc, 




TTna, ttnfy h *- 




tTnf ; ttnoytf, 




Cp, CCOp, CO>THp, 


£, (J)NOYf, 


/"t, 




YY> ^) H P^ 


j£, CTAypOC, 


<j)+, 4>noy+. 


j^fl, MApTypOC. 


Xp, XpoNOC. 


£, TTpOC, 



XC, Xpc, XpiCTOC, (TC, tfOFtC ffblC. 

a 

13. Coptic Manuscripts generally begin with cyn 

(X) 

*JUI, jv^o, in the name of God: or with cyn icxypoc, 

CD 

in the name of the powerful God. 

14. The stops used in Manuscripts, are one or two 
points, as xf £n^h AqMoy. oyog &c. Mark XV, 44. 
or as fAoh: fAcdi: fAfma cabaxgani: Mark XV, 24. 



Part II. Etymology. 

The Articles. 

1. The Egyptian Language has the definite and in- 
definite articles, and also the possessive. 

The Definite Article. 





Coptic. 




Masc. Sing - . 


Fern. Sing-. 


Plur. Com. 


m. n. (J). 


T. 0. +. 


Nt. NFN. 



Part II. Etymology. 1 1 

S a h i d i c. 

TIF. TT. TF. T. NF. R NR 

B a s h m u r i c. 

nt. 17F. 17. -f. TF. T. Nt. NF. N. 

2. The Coptic uses the article m and n promiscu- 
ously, either before double consonants or vowels, as m- 
KAgi and n-KAgt*, mm and rr-vn; m-oypo andn-oypo: 
+-cmh and t-cmh. The Coptic has m and + also be- 
fore vowels, even before i. as rniag, ^loy^FA- But in 
the plural ni is generally used, but sometimes nfn, ex- 
cept before ft who, and the prefix, as we shall here- 
after show. The articles (f> and 9, are used instead of 
rr and t. before the letters b, t, m, n, oy, p, as (J>baA. 
(j)mcdit, (J)oyAi, GBAKi, gmhci, gno'vni: but we some- 
times find these words written mBAiV ttimcmt, moyAi, 

+BAKt, +MHCI, ^NOyNl. 

3. The Sahidic has ttf and tf singular, and nf 
plural before nouns, beginning with two consonants, as 
tmafio, xpo, kttio, (TAootf, npco &c. The Articles 
rr and t singular, and n plural, are used not only be- 
fore vowels, or before one consonant, as before oycoo}, 
cn(f, NOyTF ; and ma; but even before consonants, when 
marked with the line or vowel above, as prrF, tbbo, 
MNTpF etc. But either 17F, tf. nf are used before £, 
as TFgiH, NF£tooyF; or ng is contracted into (]), and 
T^into e, as (fmy, from ngny. (j)ATT, from n^An: (Jnwe 
from n^MKF: (})Ooy from n^ooy: and gf froniT£F, gh from 

T£H. GIMF from TglMF ; GAIBFC from TgAlBFC, GBCOD-from 

9* 



12 Part II. Etymolog3^. 

t^bco), eAAo) from TgAAo). Sometimes TT£ is found with- 
out the contraction, as ngHT, TT£tp. The vowel f is 
admitted before oy, and Foy is contracted into Fy, as 
neyopio) for neoyoeia), TFya)H for TFoyu^H, and iry- 
Noy for TFoyNoy. Often n is prefixed to vowels, as 
nacfbhc* n is changed into Ft, before the letters h 
and TT, as Rmafin, the signs; MfmyF, the heavens; \m 
sometimes occurs, as NNtfAod, the beds. The x\ plur. is 
very rarely changed into B, \ p, before the same letters, 
as BBppF, for HBppF, plur. new; AAaoc for nAaoc, the 
peoples; ppcDHF for NpoDMF, the men. The Sahidic very 
rarely has the Coptic articles m. + and Nt. but they are 
sometimes met with; and occasionally tfi and nfi are 
used instead of the articles. 

The Indefinite Articles. 

4. The indefinite article has no distinction of gender. 

Coptic. 

Sing-. Plur. 

oy. gAN. 

Sahidic. 
oy. gFN. gH. 

Bashmuric. 

Oy. £AN. £FN. £N. 

5. Thus the indefinite article is used, as oycAxt. 
a word; £ANCAXl, WO rds\ oyBAKl . a city; gANBAKl. 
cities. When oy the indefinite article precedes the pre- 
position f, as Foy, it is contracted into Fy. as FyoiAqF 



Part II. Etymology. 13 

to a desert for Foyo)Aqe. The Sahidic uses #fn and 
#H in the plural, and the Bashmuric the Coptic and Sa- 
hidic plurals. 





The 


P 


ossessive Ar 
Coptic. 


ticl 


es. 




Sing. m. 






Sing-, f. 






Plur. coin. 


())A. 






9A. 

Sahidic. 






NA. 


TTA. 






TA. 






NA. 



6. These articles point out persons or things which 
belong to any one, as niAMA^i (})A ^\ FTF, the power 
is of God. Ps. LXI, 11. 6A NIM TF TAl glKODN, of whom 
is this image. Mark XII, 16. NA TKOyi niCTlc, of tittle 
faith. Luke XII, 28. ifa neqicoT, of his father. Luke 
IX, 26. When used with the name of a person, <})A 
signifies the son of, as (j)A hAi : the son of Eli. Luke 
III, 23. 



CHAP. IV, 

Of Nouns. 



1. An Egyptian noun generally takes an article be- 
fore it, or other particle, as oypcoMi, a man; gANMoyMi, 
lions; mpAN, the name; nUJhTTI, the clouds; but when the 
article is prefixed to the adjective or the substantive, the 
other takes the prefix n 5 as oyNia)^ N^oi", Copt, oywo(5 



U . Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 

N£OTF ? Sail, a great fear. Act. V, 2. oyKA£l NO)FMHO, 
a strange land, Copt. TC^opff FIntoAh. the first command- 
ment. Sah. oyNiurf NNFgm nF(j)Ai, this is a great lamen- 
tation. Copt. The n is also prefixed to the noun substan- 
tive or adjective after the verbs 01, and a)0)TTF, as Fqoi 
NoycoiNl, it is light ; AKO)0)nF NBOH0OC, thou hast been 
a helper. 

2. Adjectives sometimes take the articles, as mmarh 
great, m.; +Nto) , f. great, f.; but when they are united 
with the particles ft, Fq, fc and Ey, they do not take 
the article. Adjectives are also distinguished by their 
prefixes and suffixes. 

Of the Gender of Nouns. 

3. Every noun of the three Dialects is either of the 
masculine or feminine gender, and is known by the mas- 
culine or feminine article being prefixed, or by the prefix 
or suffix, or it is known by its agreeing with the verb, 
or some other word in the sentence which has the sign 
of the gender; as ^baki, the city , f. ; niFXOop^, the 
night, m.; Fqoo), much, m.; fcoo) ; much, f. ; FGNANFq. 
Copt. NANoyq, good, m.; Sah. fgnanfc Copt. NAHoyc, 
Sah. good, f. The Plural has no distinction of gender, 
nor is there any neuter in the language, but instead of 
it the feminine is used. Nouns composed with the par- 
ticle met Copt, or mnt Sah. are all feminine. Those 
composed with (hn, Sah. are also feminine, but those 
compounded with xin, Coptic, are for the most part 
masculine. 



Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 15 

4. There are some masculine nouns which become 
feminine by adding t to them in the Coptic and Bash- 
muric, and F in the Sahidic; as bgdk, a servant, m.; booki, 
a servant, f. Copt. CON, a brother ; Ctt)Ni, a sister, Copt. 
o}OM, a father in law. O)0)Ml, Copt. tt)0)MF, Sah. a mother 
in law. 0)(|)wp, a friend, m. u)<j)Hpi, a friend, f. Copt. 
o^BFFp, a friend, m. 0)BFFpF, a friend, f. Sah. tfAMAyA, 
a camel, m. (fAMAyAp, a camel, f. Sah. £IHB, a lamb, m. 
gtHBl, # /#w£, f. Copt. #IFIB ? tf /#w£, m. £IFIBF, a lamb, 
f. Sahidic. 

5. Others form the feminine by changing the last 
short vowel of the masculine into a long one, as bfAAf, 
blind, m. bfAAh, Copt. bAAh, Sah. blind, f. MOyi, a lion, 
m. MOyH, a lioness, Copt, oypo, a king, oypoy, a queen, 
Copt, ppo, a king, ppco, a qncen, Sah. bFAAo. an old 
man. bpAAo). an old woman, Copt. gAAo, an old man. gAAci), 
an old woman, Sah. a)MMO, a stranger, m. 0)MMO), # stranger, 
f. Sah. cabf. #'^, m. cabh, wise, f. Copt. k>AF, /#<? end, 
m. t>AH, *#<? «w/, f. Copt. 

6. Likewise by changing the vowel of the penulti- 
mate syllable of the masculine, as ajupi, a son. a)Fpi, a 
daughter, Copt. a)HpF, a son. a)FFpF, a daughter, Sah. 

Of the Number of Nouns. 

7. The number of nouns is two, the singular and 
the plural. These can only be distinguished from each 
other in general, by the singular or plural article being 
prefixed, as: 



16 Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 

oy2CO)M, a book; mxa>M, the hook: gANXCDM, books; 
nixcdm, the books; oyNOBF, a s'm\ TTNOyBF, the sin; 
gFNNOBF, sins; NFNOBP, the sins, Sail. 

When nouns occur, without the article being pre- 
fixed, the singular or plural can only be known by its 
connection with other words of the sentence. 

8. Some adjectives take the prefixes Fq, masc. fc, 
fern, and Fy plnr, as FqFMTTO)A, worthy, m. FCFMrrojA, 
worthy, fern. FqoKM. sad, m. Sah. FyoKM, sad, plur. Sah. 
The adjectives which have the suffixes q and c singular, 
have the plural in oy, which variously is contracted with 
the preceding vowel, as TTFGNANFq, good. riFGNANFy, 
good, plur. TTFGNAAq, great. TTBGNAAy, great, plur. NAO)0)q, 
much. NAo)0)oy, much, plur. 

9. There are a considerable number of Nouns in 
each dialect, which form their plural differently, which 
we shall here endeavour to class according to their ter- 
mination. 

10. Coptic Plurals which end in i. abcdk, a crow. 
ABGDKl, crows. A(|>a)<)) ? a giant. A<j)0)<})i, giants. MA, a place. 
MAI, places. MNQT a breast. MN(rh breasts. pAMAO, 
rich. pAMAOl, rich, plur. cy(j)Fp^ a companion. a^Fpr, com- 
panions. k>FAAo ? old. bpAAot, old, plur. 

11. Coptic Plurals which end in y and their sing, 
in f. (TaAf, lame. 6"XAFy, lame, plur. bfAAf, blind. BFAAFy, 
blind, plur. GFO)F, neighbour. GFO)Fy, a neighbours. MFGpF, 
a witness. MFGpFy, witnesses. pFMgF. free. pFM£Fy,/ra?, 
plur. CABF ; prudent. CABFy, prudent, plur. fc>AF, last, 
fc>AFy, last, plur. XANF, humble. XANey, humble, plur. 



Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 17 

12. Coptic Plurals which end in oy, and their sing, 
in f and o; but which change them into Hoy and cooy in 
the plural. fbo ? mute. FBcaoy, mute, plur. F£F, #^ ox. 
FgHOy and F£0)Oy, oxen. lApo, a river, lApoooy, rivers. 
oypo, a king, oypcooy, kings. pAMAO, rich. pAMAOOOy, 
rich, plur. po, a door. pa)oy, doors. CAIF, fair. CAlcooy, 
/air, pi. o)fmmo, a stranger. a)FMMO)Oy, strangers. 0)NF, a 
net. o^NHOy, nets. a)TEKO, a prison. U)TFKtt)oy. prisons. 
a)XF ? a tocust. ujxnoy, locusts. To these may be added 
Arm, ^tftfd?, Bash. ATTHOy, /^<r/6&. 

13. Coptic Plurals which end in oyt, and their 
singulars ending with a consonant, or with en. 

Aq, flesh. Aqoyi, flesh, plur. AXO), magician. AXooyt, 
magicians. FT<j)a), a burden. FT(|)a)oyi, burdens. pFqsro), 
a singer. pFqxcDOyi, singers, cbgd, a doctrine. CBGDOyi, 
doctrines. C(f>ip, a side, C(})ipa)oyi, sides. 

14. Of Coptic Plurals which end in oyt, and their 
singulars in e , . Fi , h or oy , which are changed into 
woyi or o)oyt in the plural: as 

A(|)F, a head. A(J)HOyi, heads. A^oy. a boy. AAoooyt, 
boys. BFXF, wages. BFXHOyi, wages, plur. FpMH, a tear. 
FpMGDoyi, tears. Fp(j)Et ? a temple. Fp(])HOyi temples, oyNOy, 
an hour. oyNGOOyi, hours, tfbnh . a labouring beast. 
TFBNCDOyi, beasts. (J)F, heaven. (j)Hoyi, heavens. fc>pF, food. 
bpHoyi, food, plur. 

15. Sahidic Plurals which end in f 

ABCDK, a crow. ABCOKF. crorvs. Aooy ? an ornament. 

AooyF, ornaments. 

3 



18 Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 

16. Sahidic Plurals which end in By, and Hy, and 
their singulars in f. as 

bAAf, blind. BAAFy, blind, pi. CAW. prudent. CABFFy, 
prudent, plur. o)AqF. a desert. U)AqFFy, deserts. xtXF, 
an enemy. xiXFFy^ enemies. "^MF, # village. 'f'MFFy, vil- 
lages. £AF ? last. £AFFy and gAFyF, last, plur. 

17. Sahidic Plur. which change the f sing, into Hy pi. 
AMpF; a baker. AMpwy, bakers. F£F, an ox. F£Hy, oxen. 
0)NF, a net. a)NHy, nets. 

18. Sahidic Plurals which end in FyF, nyF, and 
noyF, and their singulars in f, as 

ATTF. a head. ATTHyF. heads. riF. heaven. TTHyF^ heavens. 
gAF, last. gAFFyF, last, plur. gpF, food. £pv»yF, and 
£pHOyF, food, plur. (TaAf, lame. (fAAFFyF, lame, plur. The 
short f is changed into h when the plurals ends in Hyp. 

19. Sahidic Plurals which end in oy, and their 
singulars in o, which are changed into a)oy, as 

IFpo, a river. lFpCDOy ? rivers. Kpo, the shore. Kpcooy, 
shores. MNTppo, a kingdom. HfTTppcnoy^ kingdoms, po. 
a door, po)oy, doors, ppo, a king, ppcaoy. kings. The 
following is formed not quite regularly: FgF. an ox. 
F£OOy, oxen. 

20. Sahidic Plurals which end in oyF. 

Fid), an ass. Fia)OyF ? asses. FMpa). a harbour. FMpo- 
oyF; harbours. fcjd. an ass. FOOyF, asses. KF, another. 
KOqyF, others. oyNoy, an hour. oyNOoyF, hours. oya)H, 
night. oya)OOyF, nights. piMF, pMFiH, weeping. pRFlOOyF, 
pMFtoyF, tears. poHnF, a year. pRTTOOyF, years. CBO), 
a doctrine. CBOoyF, doctrines. CTTip, a side. CTTipooyF, 



Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 



19 



sides, TBNH, a beast. TBNOOyF, beasts, plur. %\w, a way. 
giooys, ways. gpF ? food, £peoye, food, plur. 

21. Coptic and Sahidic Plurals of a more irregular 
character. 



Coptic. 



Sim 



A£0, a treasure. 
ABOT, a month. 
ANAO), an oath. 
BHT, # palmwood. 
BO)K, # servant. 
eeoo)^ aw Ethiopian. 
FMKA3, ^/v*?/*. 
eo), ## #ss. 

£U)0)T, a merchant. 
w\ 9 a house. 
IOMj, the sea. 
ICDTj, # father. 
MFNpiT, beloved. 
MPtycoT, # plain. 
MO)iT, a way. 
oypiT, a k ee P er - 
pSMHT, a tenth. 
CAK, a scribe. 
COBT ? a wall. 
CONl, a robber. 
CON, a brother. 
CgiMl, tf woman. 



Plur. 

AgU>p, treasures. 
ABUT, months. 
ANAyu), oaths. 
BA'f", palmwoods. 
EBiAKj servants. 
FGAya), Ethiopians. 

FMKAye? ^A 
Ffc'Y, «w^. 
EU)Ay, /**/*» 
£<£)O r }', merchants. 
noy, houses. 
AMAioy, ££«$, 
10+, fathers. 
HENpA+j beloved. 
MEcyO'fo /?&*«& 

HITODOyi, W#W- 
oypAi", keepers. 
pEMA'h, tenths. 
cboyij, scribes. 
CSBGAloy, walls. 
ClNCDOyi, robbers. 
CNHOy, brothers. 
£iOMt; women. 



20 



Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 



U)OM, a father in law. 
0)80)1% a rod. 
£60), a viper. 
geo, a horse. 
£AAht, a bird. 
goyiT, the first. 
£0)6, a work. 
XAMOyA, camel. 
xoi, a ship. 
(TaAos:, a foot. 
ore ? # Zm/. 



0)MO)oy, fathers in law. 
0)Boi" ? rods. 
gBoyi, vipers. 
£0O)p, horses. 
gAAA'J", &><&. 
goyAf, /&*/, plur. 
gBHOyi, 7vorks. 
2C AM Ay At, camels. 
EXHOy, ^Agw. 
(TaAayx, /W. 
(fiery, Z0?y&. 



S a h i d i c 



Sing. 

Ago, # treasure. 
Bip, # basket. 
FBOTV, # month. 
F10)T J , tf father. 
oypiT, keeper. 
CON, tf brother. 
C£lMF, woman. 

oygop, « ^%. 
^aAht, &>t/. 
£B0), « wj»^r. 

£0)B, work. 
XOX, a ship. 
xofic. Lord. 



Plur. 

A£0)0)p, treasures. 
BpwoyF, baskets. 
EBATF, months. 
F10T8, fathers. 
oypATF, keepers. 
CNHy, brothers. 
£10MF, women. 
oy^OOp, dogs. 
^aAaatf, £//y/.v. 
£Boyi ? vipers. 
£TO)p, £TO)0)p, horses. 
gBHy, £Bnye, works. 
Fxviy, $/*//w. 
XFtCOoyF, Lords. 



Chap. IV. Of Nouns. . .21 



f Cases of Nouns. 



22. Strictly speaking the three Dialects of Egypt 
have no cases of nouns. But these are indicated hy cer- 
tain particles which precede, or are prefixed to the nouns, 
or by prepositions, as, 

Coptic. Sahidic and Bashmuric 

Norn. nxf H(fi. 

Gen. NTF, M 3 N. HTF, R, R. 

Dat. F, M, N. F, hi, TT. 

ACC. F, M. N- F, M ? N. 

Yoc d), ift co, ttf. 

Abl. F, M, h, or a preposition, f, h ; if, or a preposition. 

23. It will be seen that what are called cases in 
Greek and Latin are here denoted by particles which 
precede the noun, as in the nominative and genitive, or 
by particles prefixed. 

The Nominative Case. 

24. The sign of the nominative case is nxf in Cop- 
tic, and n(h in Sahidic and Bashmuric, as AqFpoyo) 
N2CF Thc, TTFXAq NGDOy? Jesus answered (and) said to them, 
Luke VI, 3. ACl &F NXF MApiA ^MArkAAlNH, But Mary 
Magdalen came. John XX, 18. AqFi x\§\ i(OANNHC ; John 
came. Mat. Ill, 1. Sah. TOTF AqFi \\G\ Tc fboA£N, 
TTaAiAaia. than Jesus came out of Galilee. Mat. Ill, 
13. Sah. 



22 Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 



The Genitive Case. 



25. The genitive case is indicated by ntf preceding 
the noun, as oyBAKl ntf TCAMAptA, a city of Samaria. 
John IV, 4. (|)Oya)lNl NTF ITFKgO. the light of thy face. 
Ps. XLIV, 3. oyoiAXF ntf TMF, the word of truth, Sah. 
2. Cor. VI, 7. Sah. But the prefix m or n, is frequently 
used as the sign of the genitive case , especially in the 
Sahidic, as (j)pAN mitaiodt, the name of my father. 
John V, 44. oycAXl nfmi, thetvord of knowledge. 1. Cor. 
XII, 8. Tu^FFpF NCtO)N, the daughter of Sion. Mat. XXI, 5. 
Sah. TTO)HpF TI&AyFik, the son of David. Mat. XXI, 9. 
Sah. na^upF RnpooMF. the son of man. Luke XXII, 48. 
Sah. Ttfbn RnNOyTF, the power of God. Luke XXII, 69. 
Sah. The prefix m is used principally before b, m and 
^>. and always before n, but seldom before A and p. 

The Dative Case. 

26. The dative case takes the prefix m or n, and 
sometimes f, as Aqi~TOTq mtticA, he hath given help 
(his hand) to Israel. TTFXAq NCtMCDN, he said to Simon. 
Aqi Fnm MMApiA, he came to the house of Mary. x\\ a)0)M 
Firrppo, to give tribute to the king, Luke XXIII, 2. Sah. 
^Nn^hkf, to give to the poor, Luke XIX, 8. Sah. nfkxo) 
MMOC FoyoN nim, say est thou it to all? Luke XII, 41. 
Sah. When f is prefixed to the indefinite article oy, 
the Foy are frequently contracted into Fy, as fctntcon 
FyBABtAF Ho^Atm, it is like to a grain of mustard seed. 
Luke XIII, 19. Sah. 



Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 23 

The Accusative Case. 

27. The signs of the accusative case are m, n or 
F, as ANXtMl MTTtMANCODN^ we found the prison, Acts 
V, 21. Aqpa)k>T N£ANXO)pi, he hath cast down the strong, 
Luke I, 52. aAAa FpETFNF(fl NOyxOM, but ye shall re- 
ceive power. Acts I, 8. ANN Ay FTT(TC, we have seen the 
Lord. John XX, 25. A MCDycuc XFCT MTT£Oq, Moses 
lifted up the serpent. John I, 14. Sah. TTAl FTF poyOFlN 
FpcDMF NlM, which enlighteneth eve?y man. John I, 9. Sah. 
But the F is most frequently used as the sign of the 
accusative. 

The Vocative Case. 

28. The sign of the vocative case is fi) preceding 
the noun, as fi) GFO(j)iAF, o Theophilus. Acts I, 1., but 
it does not often occur. The definite article is used as 
the sign of the vocative, as ^pFq+CBO) NArAeoc, Copt. 
TTCA£ NAPAGOC, o good Master! Sah. Mat. XIX, 16. 
TTAO^wp, my friend! Copt. nFO)BFEp, friend! Sah. 
Mat. XX, 13. pyxo) mmoc xf ttxofic na nan ncywpF 
N&AyFlA. saying, Lord thou son of David, have mercy 
on us, Sah. Mat. XX, 30. TO)Fpt ncicon, Copt. TO^FFpF 
NCtON, daughter of Sion! John XII, 15. Sah. 

The Ablative Case. 

29. This case sometimes takes the prefix m, n or 
F, as FNOBF NtM; from all sin. Sah. FTTNoyTF. from God. 






24 Chap. V. Of Adjectives. 

n mmokmfk. from the thoughts. Sah. But the ablative 
is generally represented by some preposition. 

The Baslimuric takes the same particles as the Sa- 
hiclic to all the cases, except the Ablative. 



CHAP. V. 

Of Adjectives. 

1. There are some adjectives, the number and gen- 
der of which are known by the suffixes, or the articles, 
as TTlNlO)i-, great, m. i-Nlcyt, great, f. and FGNANFq, 
good, m. FGNANFC, good, f. NAAq or FGNAAq, great, m. 
Sah. NAAC, great, f. Sah. FGNAAy, great, plur. Sah. 

F, FT, or fg united to verbs forms adjectives, as 
oyAB to be clean, holy. FGOyAB, clean, holy. 

nao^f or fnao)F. Sah. much. NAO)0)q or FNAo^ooq. 
Sah. much, m. nao)0)C or FNAtt)0)C, Sah. much, f. NAO)- 
odo y or FNAO)0)oy, Sah. much, plur. 

nanf and nanoy, FNANoy, Sah. good. NANFq, 
NANoyq, FNANoyq, Sah. good, m. nanfc. and NANoyc, 
FNANoyc, Sah. good, f. fgnanfy, FTNANoyoy, Sah. 
good, plur. 

NAFIAT or NAIAT, Sah. blessed. NAIATK, blessed 
lhou,m. NAlATq. blessed he. NAlATC, blessed she. NAIATHyTN, 
blessed ye. NAtATOy, blessed they. 

NFCF or FNFCF, fair, beautiful. NFCODl, fair 1. NFCGDq, 
FGNFCO)q Or FNFCO)q, fair he. NFCO)C, FGNFCOOC or 
FNFCODC, fair she. FNFCCOOy or FNFCOOy, fair they. 



Chap. V. Of Adjectives. 25 

CMApcooyT, and cmamaat, Sah. blessed, kcma- 
pouoyT, blessed thou. qcMApcDoyT, qcMAMAAT, Sahidic. 
blessed he. NHFTCMApcooy, NFTCMAMAAT, Sah. blessed 
they. 

oyAA, Sah. alone. oyAAK, alone thou. oyAAq, alone 
he. oyAATOy, alone they. 

mm Ay AT, and MAyAAT, Sah. alone. MMAyATK, 
MAyAAK, Sah. alone thou. m. MMAyA'h alone thou f. 
MMAyATq. MAyAAq, Sah. alone he. MMAyATC, MAy- 
AAC, Sah. alone she. MAyAAN, Sah. MMAyATFN, alone 
we. MMAyAToy, MAyAAy, Sah. alone they. 

THp, all. THpK, the whole thou, m. Tupq, THpFq, 
Sah. all he. THpc. TupFC, Sah. all she. TnpFN, THpR, 
all we. THpTFf, Sah. all ye. THpoy, all they. 

Of the Comparison of Adjectives. 

2. Comparatives are formed by goyo, Copt. goyo, 
£oyF, Sah. goyA, £oyF, Bash, more, as goyb TAtb 
FgOTF Mcoycwc, more (greater) honour than Moses. 
oygoyo TAlb F£OTF mm, more (greater) honour than 
the house. Heb. Ill, 3. mntan goyo F+oy nofvk, 
Sah. 7vc have not more than five breads loaves. Luc. IX, 13. 

FgOTF is also a sign of the comparative, as FgOTF- 
poi, more than me, Mat. X, 37. and with F, as +MFTCOS 
NTF §\ FCOl NCABF FgOTF FNtpCDMl, the foolish?iess of 
God is wise more (iviser) than men. 1. Cor. I, 25. 

3. The comparative is also expressed by adding 

Ngoyo to the positive; as +MFTMFepF ntf <$>+ oy- 

\\\u$\ TF Ngoyo, the witness of God is greater. 1. John 

4 



26 Chap. V. Of Adjectives. 

V, 9. It is also expressed by adding F, or n to the 
positive, as mh ntok fknaak fttnioot iakcjdb, art thou 
greater than our father Jacob? John IV, 12. Sail. oyNO^ 
Hnobf, greater sin. John XIX, 11. Sah. Rnoo" FTTFNgviT, 
greater than our heart. 1. John III, 20. Sah. mh FNXOOp 
Fpoq, are we stronger than he? 1. Cor. X, 22. Sah. 

4. Sometimes there is no word to express the com- 
parative, and it can only be collected from the sense of 
the passage; as NlM rAp TTF TUNta^. for which is great 
(greater) Luke XXII, 27. TMHTMNTpF MTTNoyTF NAAAC, 
the witness of God is great (greater) 1. John V, 9. Sah. 

5. The positive is sometimes used for the superla- 
tive as nim 17F niNiort J^fn -f-MFToypo NTF N1(])VIOyi, 
NtM TTF TTNO(f £N TMNTFpO HFirmyF, Sah. ?vho is the 
gi^eat (greatest) in the kingdom of heaven? Mat. XVIII, 1. Sah. 

6. The superlative is formed by adding f, fboA, 
FBoAoyTF, or some such word to the positive, as anok 
rAp ttf niKoyxt FBoAoyTF niattoctoAoc Tupoy, and 
Bash, anok rAp np nnoyi oyTF niattoctoAoc THpoy, 
for I am the least of all the Apostles. 1. Cor. XV, 9. 

7. The superlative is more often formed by adding 
FMAcdcd, Copt, fmatf, Sah. fmaoja, Bash, greatly, very 
much, to the positive, as ATAij/yXH o)eopTFp fmau^o), 
my soul is exceedingly troubled. Ps. VI, 3. FMAO)0), FMATF 
and fmao^a are also repeated; as AqFp pAMAO nxf 
mpflDMl FMAO)0) FMAO)0) 9 the man yvas exceeding rich. 
Gen. XXX, 43. xfkac FpF TFTHArATTH pgoyo fmatf 
FMATF. that your love may abound exceedingly. Sahidic. 



Chap. VI. Of Personal Pronouns. 



27 



Phil. I, 9. and in Bash, xfkfc epe TFTb'NArArTH fA- 
goyA fmao^a. The superlative is also formed by Ngoyo 
repeated, as oyog N#oyb Ngoyo NAyepo^Hpi, and they 
were exceedingly astonished. Mark VII, 37. 



CHAP. VI. 



Of Personal Pronouns. 





Sing 


u 1 a r. 


Coptic. 


Sahidic. 


Bash. 


ANOK 


ANOK 


ANOK \ 
ANAK / i 




ANr 




ANK 


NOOK 


FTTOK 
HTK 


NTAK J thou, 


N0O 


INTO 


NTA thou, f. 


fieoq 


TTTOq 


NTAq he. 


N60C 


NTOC 


NTAC she. 




Plural. 


ANON 


ANON 

£nn 


ANAN ) 

/ we. 


N90)TFN 


NTCJDTN 


NTATFN \ 




NTETFN 


NTATN > ye. 




NTETN 


) 


NGCDOy 


RTOOy 


NTAy they. 



28 



Chap. VI. Of Personal Pronouns. 





Persona 


1 Pronouns. 




2. Of the 


Genitive Case. 




Sin 


g u 1 a r. 


Coptic. 


Sahidic. 


Bash. 


NTHl 


RTAl 


FNTHl met of me. 


NTAK 


NTAK 


NTHK of thee, m. 


NTH 


NTP 


NTB of thee, f. 


NTAq 


NTAq 


NTHq \ 

> of him. 




NTq 


NTEq J 


NTAC 


NTAC 
NTC 


NTHC J 

> 6»/' /^/\ 



NTAN # 

NGODTeN 
NTODTFN 
NTFGHNOy 
NTODOy 



of us. 



Plural. 

NTAN NTHn) 

NTN ) 

NTETN NTHTPN 

NTETHyTN NTBTPN 

NTETHNOy 
NT Ay NTHOy, of them. 

Of the Dative Case. 
Singular. 



of you 



Coptic. 
NHl 
NAK 
NF 

NAq 

NAC 



Sahidic. 


Bash. 


NAl 


NHl mihi, to me. 


NAK 


NHK to thee, m. 


NE 


to thee, f. 


NAq 
NAC 


^ \ to him 
NFq \ 

NHC fo ^er. 





Chap 


. VI. Of Personal Pronouns. 






Plura 


1. 


NAN 




NAN 


NHN lO US. 


NO)TFN 




NHTR 


NHTFN to IJOU. 


GHNOy 




THNOy 


THNOy m ^' an accus 


NODOy 




NAY 


NHOY, NHY J 

1 \\ to then 
NFY J 



29 



3. The dative is also formed by the word po Copt, 
and Aa Bash, by prefixing f to them : and by tot, Copt. 
toot, Sah. TAAT, Bash, by prefixing f or n to them. 





Singular. 




Coptic. 


Sahidic. 


Bash. 


FpOl 


FpOt, FpAl 


fAai to me. 


FpOK 


FpOK. FpAK 


fAak to thee, m. 


FpO 


Fp0 7 FpA 


fAa to thee, f. 


Fpoq 


t?poq, FpAq 


FAAq to him. 


FpOC 


FpOC, FpAC 

Plural. 


fAac to her\ 


FpON 


FpON, FpAN 


fAan to us. 


FpCOTFN 


FpCDTN 


fAatfn i 



FpOOTFN 0HNOY PpAT THY™ FAATTHNOY 1 



to you. 



FpoDOY Fpooy fAay to them. 

Singular. 

Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. 

F or ntot F or NTOOT ForHTAAT to me. 

NTOTK NTOOTK NTAATK to thee, m. 

NTO+ NTOOTF to thee, f. 

NTOTq NTOOTq NTAATq to him. 

NTOTC NTOOTC HTAATC to her. 






30 



Chap. VI. Of Personal Pronouns. 



Plural. 

E Or NTOTEN E 01" HTOOTN E Or HTAATEN to US. 
FTPN9HN0Y ETOOT THyTN to !/ ou - 

ETOTOy | 
NTATOy ( 



HTOOTOy NTAATOy to them. 



4. The accusative Pronoun is formed bv mmo Copt, 
and Sah., mma and ha Basil. 



Coptic. 
MM01 
MMOK 
MMO 
MMOq 
MMOC 



Singular. 



Sahidic. 



Bash. 



MMOl, MMOEl MMAl me. 

MMOK MMOK thee, m. 
MMO thee, f. 

MMoq MMAq him. 

MMOC MMAC her. 



Plural. 



MMON MMON 

MMCDTEN MMCOTR 

MMODOy MMOOy 



MMAN US. 
MMATEN you. 
MMAy them. 



mmo with other words sometimes expresses the 
various cases of the personal pronoun, as nim MMO>oy 
some of them. 1. Cor. X, 10. eboA MMoq, from him. 

5. Another form of the accusative is hu, Copt. %x\, 
Sah.. which take t with the suffixes. 



Chap. VI. Of Possessive Pronouns. 



31 





S i n g u 


1 a r. 


Coptic. 




Sahiclic. 


fc>HT 




£HT my fare, inc. 


fc>HTK 




gHTK ^/w, m. 


bn+ 




gHTF M^, f. 


k>HTq 




£HTq him. 


fc>HTC 




gHTC /><r. 




Plur 


al. 


k>HTFN 




gHTlT US. 


fc>HTOy 




gHTOy them. 



6. The ablative case is formed by the following pre- 
positions with the suffixes. 

Sahidic. Basil. 

ntoot ntaat 

fboAmmo fbaAmma 

FB0An£UT FBAAn^HT 





Coptic. 


NTF 


NTOT 


FBOA 


fboAmmo 




FBoANk>HT 


FBOA^A 


FBoAgApO 


FBoAgl 


FBoAglGDT 



FBoAglTFN FBoA^lTOT 
FBoA^tXFN FBoAglXtt) 
£ITFN £IT0T 



FBOAgtOlO) 

fboA^itoot fbaA^itaat 



£tTOOT 



£ITAAT &C. 



Possessive Pronouns. 

7. The possessive pronouns are sometimes expressed 
by the genitive personal pronouns, as nthi, Copt. Htai, 
Copt; ntak, Copt, and Sah. NTAq Copt, and Sail. &c. 
yet they are formed of the definite article with a) in the 
singular and oy in the plural, as 






32 



Chap. VI. Of Demonstrative Pronouns. 



Sing. Masc. 


Sing. 


Fern. 


Coptic. 


Sahidic. 


Coptic. 


Sahidic. 


(J) 0)1 


170)1 mine. 


00)1 


TO)l 


<J)0)K 


TTODK ^/////^, m. 


0O)K 


TO)K 


(|)a) 


no) //«/^, f. 


90) 


TO) 


4>a)q 


no)q &>. 


eo)q 


TO)q 


<j)0)C 


no)C her. 


0O)C 


TO)C 


(J)0)N 


no)N 0#r. 


0O)N 


TO)N 


(j)0)TPN 


ttcdtn your. 


0O)TFN 


TO)TR 


(J)a)oy 


no)oy M«r. 


©cooy 


TO)Oy 




Plural i 


Common 






Noyi 


mine. 






Noyk 


thine, m. 






NOy thine, f. 






Noyq 


! fe. 






NO)q 


( 






Noyc 


her. 






NOyN 


our. 






NOYTSN J 
NODTFN ) 






N0Y ° Y ! ,keir. 






MO)oy 


' > 






Demonstrative Pronouns. 




Sing 


n 1 a r. 






Masc. 




Fern. 


Coptic. 


Sahidic. Bash. 


Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. 


(j)Al 


TJAl TTFl 


0AI 


rAl TUl ^/v 



Chap. VI. Of Demonstrative Pronouns. ?>'6 

Plural. 
Coptic and Sahidic'. Bashmuric. 

NAl NFl these. 

Another form of the demonstrative pronoun is as 
follows. 

M a s c. Fern. 

Coptic. Sahidic. Coptic. Saliidic. 

(])Vl TTH he. 9H TH she. 

Plural. 
nh they. 

8. The demonstrative pronoun is often joined with 
the relative pronoun ft, as 

Singular. 
Masc. Fem. 

Coptic. Sahidic. Coptic. Sahidic. 

<J)flFT TTHFT he, who. 0HFT THFT she, ?vho. 

Plural. 
NHFT they, who. 

MMAy is frequently united with the demonstrative 
and relative pronouns both singular and plural, as <j)H~ 
FTFMMAy, he. Luke XXII, 12. Copt. Niioy&Ai ftu)Ott 
MTTlMA FTFMMAy, the jews dwelling in that place, Acts 
XVI, 3. Copt. fc>FN 'f-oyNoy FTFMMAy, in that hour. Copt. 

OyO£ A TFCCMH 0)FNAC FBoA £tKFN TllKAgl THpq 

FTFMMAy, and the fame of it went out through all (hat 

land. Mat, IX, 26. 

5 



34 Chap. VI. Of Prepositions. 

Relative Pronouns. 

9. The relative pronoun is F. ft, ftf. or fg before 
the letters M. n and o in Copt/, and fnt. qui, quae, quod, 
and likewise f, ft, ftf, ft, in Sahidic and Bashmuric. 
nnhft AyTAoyoN , to those who sent us. John I, 22. 
(])HFT CODTFH NCGOTFN, he who hearcth you. (|)HFT (£)0)U) 
mmcdtfn, he who despiseth you. Luke X, 16. 

10. The interrogative pronouns undergo no varia- 
tion, which are these, nim, who? ao), fo), who? what? 
oy, who? oyvrn, how many? 

Of Prepositions. 

11. There are some substantives which are used as 
prepositions, as pAT Copt. Aft, Bash, afoot po, a mouth. 
TOT, a hand. Jdht, a neck. ^y\T, a heart. £pA, a face. 
xcd, a head. These, being united with some particles 
become prepositions, as FpAT to me. Mat. VI, 18. fc>ApAT, 
Copt. #ApAT, Sah. under me. Mat. VIII, 9. Fpo, fc>Apo, 
under thee. Ezech. XXVII, 30. fc>Apoq, against him. Ex. 
XVI, 8. NTOTq from him. Deut. XV, 3. NbHToy, in them. 
Psalm V, 10. N£HTK, Sah. in thee. Ezech. XXVIII, 15. 
FgpAl, against me. Ps. CI, 8. F£pm FXCDi, against me. 
Ps. Ill, 1. &c. 

Prepositions. 
F, ace, dat, ad, inj&c. 

FBoAubviT,, Copt./h?w, ex. FBoAwbHTq, FBoANb>rroy &c. 
FBoAHgHT, Sah. from, ex. FBoAFl£HTq, FBoAh^htn &c. 
FBoA^A, from, ab, ex. 



Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. 35 

FBoAgApo, a a £ FBoAgApoq, FBoAgApoN &c. 

FBoAglTN, Sah. a, ab. 

FBoAgrrR, Sah. a, ab. 

FBoAgiTOT, per, a, ab. FBoAgtTOTK, FBoAgiTOTq, &c. 

FBOAglTOOT, S. per, a, ab. FBoAglTOOTK, FBoAglTOOTq. 

F£OTFpO, supra, plus quam. FgOTFpOK, FgOTFpoq, &C. 

N, ace, dat, ad, ab, from, &c. 

ntfn, ntn, Sail. from. 

a)A, ad, usque ad, (yApoi, o^ApOK, 0)aAak, Bash. &c. 

h\, Copt, sub, contra, fc>ATOTK. apudte, JDATOTq, apudeum. 

£A, Sah. sub, ad, pro. #atotk, etc. 

gATM, Sah. apud, ad, &c. 

gATR, Sah. apud, &c. 

gi, m, «//?i, giTOT, grrooT, Sah. giTOOTC, Sah. &c. 

To these may be added at<Tnf, fgbf, ftbf. Sah. 

oyBF, oyTF and others. 

The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. 

12. The pronoun infixes and suffixes are added to 
words, instead of the possessive and personal pro- 
nouns. 

13. The pronoun infixes are inserted between the 
article and the noun, and used instead of the possessive 
pronouns. They are the following : a, my. fk, thy. f or 
oy, thy, f. Fq, his. FC, her. FN or R, our. FTFN or FTFT 
your, oy or Fy ? their. 

An example of the infixes with the articles is here 
given. 






36 Chap. XI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. 

The Infixes. 
Singular. Plural, 

with artic. masc. with artic. fern. 



n-A, 


T-A, 


n-A, my. 


n-FK. 


T-FK, 


N-FK, thy, m. 


TTF; 


T-F. 


n-f, thy, f. 


noy, 


T-oy, 


N-oy, thy, f. Sail, 


n-Fq, 


T-Fq, 


N-Fq, his. 


tt-fc, 


T-FC, 


NFC, her. 


it-fn, 


T-FN, 


N-FN, our. 


TT-R, 


T-R, 


N-R, our, Sah. 


T7-FTFN, 


T-FTFN, 


n-ftfn, your. 


TT-FTR, 


T-FTR, 


n-ftR, your. 


noy, 


T-oy, 


N-oy, their. 


n-Fy, 


T-Fy, 


N-Fy, their % Sail. 



oy is sometimes used for the infix of the second 
person feminine, instead of f in Coptic, but it seldom 
occurs. 

14. The suffixes are used with words instead of 
the infixes, and are these which follow. 

The Suffixes. 
Singular. Plural. 

i or t, me, or my. n or fn, us, or our. 

K. thee, or thy, m. tfn, ##?/, or ytf&r. 

F or i,*) thee, or M?/, f. tR, you, or yw/;*, Sah. 



*) The l following T is changed into i". 



Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. 



37 



Singular. Plural. 

F, thee, or thy, f. 
q, him, or his. 
C, her, or hers. 

A small number of words vary from the general 



oy. Ay, they, or their. 
Foy o r H Y> ^^' or/ifo/r,Sah. 



rule. 



The Infixes. 

15. The infixes to nouns will be understood by the 
following examples. 

a)Hpi ? a son, with the m. article, and infixes. 



Singular. 

Artie, and Infixes to a noun masc. 

T7A-0)npi, my son.- 
17FKa)npt. thy son, m. 
TTF-a)Hpi, /% S0tf, f. 
rroy-a)npF, thy son, f. Sah. 
TTeq-u)Hpi, his son. 

TTFC-tt)Hpt, /«CV* S6W, 



TTFN 



0)Wp 



t, #?/r £##. 



rrN-o)HpF, our son, Sah. 
l7FTFN-a)Hpt ? your son. 
TTFTR-a)HpF, ^6>?/r S0#, Sail. 
noy-o)Hpi ; ^/r s#;?. 
TTFy-a)HpF, their son, Sail. 



Plural. 

Artie, and Infixes to a noun masc. 

NA-0)vipi, my sons. 
NFK-a)vtpi, thy sons, m. 
NF-u)vipt, 2% sons, f. 
Noy-c^upF, *% £0#s, f. Sah. 
NFq-ojupi, his sons 
NFC-0)Hpi, her sons. 
NFN-a)Hpi, 6wr sons. 
NN-<I)VipF> ##?* S0#S, Sah. 
NFTFN-0)Wptj your sons. 
NFTFT-u)HpF ? your sons, Sah. 
NOy-ujHpt, their sons. 
NFy-ajupF, their t sons, Sah. 



38 Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. 

co)Ni, a sister, with the fern, article and infixes. 

Singular. Plural. 

Artie, and Infixes to a noun feni. Artie, and Infixes to a noun fern. 
TA-ca>Nt, my sister. NA-CO)Nl, my sisters. 

TFK-co)Nl, thy sister, m. NFK-CGDNi, thy sisters, m. 

TF-CO)Ni, thy sister, f. nf-ccom, thy sisters, f. 

Toy-co)NF, thy sister, f. Sail. Noy-cooNF, thy sistersj. Sail. 
TFq-ca)Ni, his sister. NFq-co)Nt, his siste?-s. 

TFC-CCDNi, her sister. NFC-CODNl, her sisters. 

TFN-CO)Nl, our sister. nfn-cgdni, our sisters. 

th-CCONF, our sister, Sail. nn-cgdnf, our sisters, Sail. 
TFTFN-CCDNi, your sister. NFTFN co)Nt, your sisters. 
TFTH-CGDNF. your sister, Sail. nzTTt-cayw, your sisters, Sah. 
TOy-CCDNt. their sister. NOy-CO)Ni. their sisters. 

TFy-CGDNF, their sister, Sail. NFy-CGDNF. their sisters, Sah. 

16. It will be seen from the foregoing examples, 
that the infixes are the same to a masculine and femi- 
nine noun, singular and plural. 

The Suffixes. 

17. The following examples will show the position 
of the suffixes. 

Adjectives with the Suffixes. 

fnfcf or nfcf, fair. Tup, all. 

FNFCODl. fair, I. THpK. all, thou, m. 

fnfccdk, fair, thou, m. THpR, all, thou, m. Sah. 

FNFCCJDq, fair, he. THpq, all, he. 

FNFCOC, /air, she. THpc, all, she. 

FNFCflON, fair, we. THpFN, all, /re. 



Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. 



30 



FNFCO)oy, fair, they. 
FNFeooy, fair, they, Sah. 



NAA or fn A A, great 
NAAt ? great, 1. 
NAAK, great, thou, m. 
NAAq, great, he. 
NAAC. great, she. 
MA Ay? great, they. 



TupN, all, we, Sah. 
THpTFN, all, ye. 
THpTR. all, ye, Sah. 
THpoy, all, they. 

nanf or NANoy, good. 
NANOyi, good, I. 
NANFq. good, he. 
NANFC, good, she. 
NANFy, good, they. 



MAyAT, alone. MAyATK, alone, thou, m. MAyA^, 
alone, thou, f. MAyATq, alone, he. MAyATC; alone, she. 
MAyATFN. alone, we. MAyATFNeHNOy, alone, ye. MAy- 
ATOy, alone, they. 



Prepositions 
Coptic and Sahidic. 
FpAT, 
FpATK, 
FpA+, 
FpATF, 
FpATq, 
FpATC, 
FpATFN, 
FpATK, 

FpATFNeHNOy^ 
FpATTHyTH, 
FpATOy, 



with the Suffixes. 
Bash. 
fAfT. to me. 
fAatk, to thee, m. 
fAfti, to thee, f. 

to thee, f. Sah. 
F^FTq, to him. 
fAftc, to her. 
fAftfn, to us. 

to us, Sah. 
FAFTTHNoy, to you. 

to you, Sah. 
FAFTOy, to them. 



40 



Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. 



• 


Coptic. 


Sahidic. 




F0BF, 


FTBF ? de, ob. 




F9BHT, 


FTBHHT; of me. 




F0BHTK, 


FTBHutk, of thee, m. 




F0BH+, 


FTBHHTF ; of thee, f. 




FGBHTq, 


PTBHHTq, of him. 




FGBHTC, 


FTBHHTC, of her. 




F0BHTFN, 


FTBHHTN, of US. 




F0BF0HNOy, 


FTBFTHyTN, of you. 




FOBHTOy, 


FTBHHToy, of them. 




Coptic. 


Sahidic. 




NFM ? 


NH, with. 


Coptic. 


Sahidic 


:. Bashmuric. - 


NFMHt, 


NMMAl, 


HOI, NFMHl. with vie. 


NFMAX, 


NMMAK, 


with thee, m. 


NFMF ? 


NMMEj 


witli thee, f. 


NFMAq, 


NMMAq, 


Oq, NFMViq, with him. 


NFMAC, 


NMMAC, 


NFMHC, with her. 


NFMAN; 


NMMANj 


ON ; with us. 


NFMCDTFN, NMMHTK 


, NFMHTFN. With you. 


NFMOOOy, 


NMMAy, 


NFMHOy, with them. 




NCA, after. 


NCOJl, aft 


er me. ncodk. 


after thee, m. NCO), after thee, f. 


NCO)q, after him. NCCDC, 


after her. ncodn, after us. NCtt)- 


ten ; TTcgdtH, after you, 


S. NCO)Oy, after them. 



Of Numbers. 
18. The Coptic Numbers are generally expressed 
by the letters of the Alphabet with a line above them, 



Chap. VI. The Cardinal Numbers. 41 

as r NFgooy. &r& days. Matt. XII, 40. a nabot. four 
months. John IV, 35; sometimes they are expressed by 
words, as c|Toy-(|)Ooy, four days. Acts V, 30. But the 
Sahidic numbers are usually expressed by words. 

19. Numbers admit the articles, and are also found 
without them, as ttiTb, the twelve. Matt. X, 2. 5. niCNAy, 
the two. Deut. XVII, 6. u)8HN CNOy+, two tunics. 
Luke III, 11. 

The Cardinal Numbers. 





Coptic 




Sahidic. 




Masc. 


Fein. 


Masc. Fern. 


A 


oyAi, 


oyF. 


oyA, oypi, 




oycDT 




oycoT 


B 


cnay, 


CNoyf, 


CNAy, CFNTF, CfTTF, 


f 


U)OMT, 


0)OM+, 


0)OMNT ? 0)MNT. O)0MTF, 


A 


qTooy, 


qTOF, 


qTOoy, qTOF, qTo, 


F 


+oy, 


+f, t, 


toy, +f, 


a 


cooy, 


CO, 


cooy, coo, cof. 


I 


»aa)q, 


u^Acyqi, 


CAU)q, CFcyq, cAu^qF, 


H 


0)MHN, 


U)MHNl. 


O^MOyN, U)MOyNF. 





\|/IT, 


l|/l+ ? 


vJ/it, nciTF. 


T 


MFT, 


MHf ? 


MHT, MHTF, 


K 


XCDT, 


xoyo)T, 


xoyo)T, xoycoTF. 


A 


MAn, 


9 


MAAB. MAB, MAABF. 


M 


ene, 




£MF, £MH, 


IT 


TAioy, 




TAtO, 


2. 


CF, 




CF, 



42 


Chap. VI. The Cardinal Numbers. 




Coptic. 


Sahidic. 




Masc • Fem. 


Masc. Fern. 


o 


U)BF 


0)BF. 0)qF. 


TT 


t>AMNF, 


gMFNF, 


q 


mcTAy. ntcTtoyi 


nCT Aioy, nFCTAioy, 


P 


0)F r 


<*)*> 


u 


CNAYN&F. CNAy<£)F, 


o^ht. 


T 


(nOHTNO)F, 


a)MNTQ}F, 0)MTO)F ? O)0MFTa)F. 


T 


qTooyNO)F, 


qTOoya^F, qToya)F, qTFyajF. 


$ 


+oyNo;F, -f-oyajF. 


+oyRa}F. 


X 


cooyfaajp, cooyaiF. 


cooyHujF, CFycyF. 


* 


u)AU)qfcu)F, 


CAO)qF<a)F. 


a> 


U)MHNN(A|F, 


a)MoyNU)F, 


e 




\J/lCHO)F. 


A 


&° ? 


0)0. 


B 


0)OCNAy, 


cnayhcuo. 


T 


6BA. 


TBA. 



20. The following numbers are prefixes to nouns, viz. 
o)Fint. ojmt. o)OMT, /ftrif, Sah. a)MTU)0, M>w thousand. 
qTF, Copt. q-roy, qTFy, Sah. four. ct-y, Sah. ,v/.r. mTIt. 
Sah. ten. xoyT, Sah. twenty. 

The following are suffixes to numbers: oyp. Sail. 
one. MNToyp, eleven. CNOoyc, CNOyc, m. CNOOycF. 
CNoyp, f. Sah. two. MNTCNoyc, twelve. o)OMT, Sahidic. 
three. TAqTF. AqTF, Sah. four, th, tf, Sah. five. tacf. 
acf. Sah. six. o)mhn. Copt, o^hhnf, f. Sah. eight. MNToyF. 

The Bashmuric has the following variations. oyFFi, 
m. oyFU f. one. a)AMFNT, three. 0)A. a thousand. 



Chap. VI. The Ordinal Numbers. 4o 

The Ordinal Numbers. 

21. The first, in ordinal numbers is expressed dif- 
ferently from the others: as 

Copt. S a hi die. Bash. 

Masc. Fern. Masc. Fern. Masc. Fern. 

goyrr, goyi+, o)opn, o)opm, a)ApFn. u)A\)m, first. 

o)opn ? o)0)pn, 

o)Fpn. 

22. The remaining cardinals are formed by putting 
MAg Copt, and MFg Sah. and Bash, before the cardinal 
numbers, as niMmNi MMAgB, the second miracle. John 
IV, 54. Copt, nMF£ a)OHNT, the third. Matt. XXII. 26. 
Sah. i>FN "fnAg CNoyi" NpoMTTl, in anno sccundo, Dan. 
II, 1. Coptic. tmf# cntf, the second, f. Luke XII, 38. 
Sahidic. 

coy is used instead of MAg and MFg with the 
cardinal numbers when the days of the month are spo- 
ken of, as coyKF NAGtt)p, the twenty fifth day of Athor. 
Exod. XII, 3. Copt, NCOyK^ MTTtABOT, the twenty seventh 
day of the month. Gen. VIII, 4. coyxoyT \Jnc FTgAOCDp, 
the t/venty ninth day of the month Athor. Zoeg. Sah. 

Axn Copt, and ^n, Sah. occur with the cardinal 
numbers when hours are spoken of, as NAxn e MniF- 
gooy, the ninth hour of the day. Acts X, 3. Firm Ay RSrr 
COF, about the sixth hour. Sah. Matt. XX, 5. 

pp, Copt, and Sah. part, is used with numbers, as 
nipp F, the fifth part. Gen. XLI, 34. oyog Aqpo)K£ 



44 Chap. VI. The Ordinal Numbers. 

NXE <|)pF f NNitt)U)HN, and the third part of the trees 
teas burnt up. Rev. VIII, 7. TTpFtt)OMNT, the third part, 
Numb. XXVIII, 5. Sah. The Copt, has also TFpF, or 
TFp, and the Sah. TpF. part. 

oyo)N, more often oyR, and sometimes oyFN, and 
oyNF, Sah. a part, is put before numbers, as oya)N 
AyAAq NqTooy NoycoN, oyoyooN FmoyA noyA, they 
wade four parts, a fart to each one, John XIX. 23. Sah. 
noyH NqTooy, fourth part, Ezech. V, 2. Sah. noyFN 
N+oy, the fifth part, Zoeg. Sah. noyNF o)omnt, the 
third part, Tukius. 

TTFq Cont and Sah. is prefixed to numbers signify- 
ing days, as TTFqq*rooy rAp nF. for it is four days. 
John XI, 39. FnpqqTooy ttf Fy £M tita<])Oc, it is 
four days he is in the sepulchre, v. 17. Sah. 

A, et na about. Copt, and Sah. as AqToy a)F Npo>MF. 
about four hundred men, Acts V, 36. Sah. na qToy a)F 
TAlOy NpOMTTF, about four hundred and fifty years. 
Acts XIII, 20. Sah. 

The plural of number is occasionally expressed by 
repeating the number, as, kata pp nfm kata Rn, by 
hundreds, and by fifties. Mark VI, 40. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 45 

CHAP. VIL 

Of Verbs. 

23. Egyptian verbs have no passive voice differing 
from the active, but the passive may be known thus, 

AC-GAMtO N2CF •f-COcjMA FBoAt>FN NFC-gBHOyt , wisdom 
is justified of her works, Matt. XI, 19. oyO£ AyoycDN 
NXF NFq-CO)TFM, and his ears were opened, Mark 
VII, 35. 

24. The passive is more commonly expressed by 
the verb in the third person plural of the verb active, 
as TlFN-pa)Mi nattac AyAcyq NFMAq , our old man was 
crucified with him. Rom. VI, 6. FyNAno)Ng fboA RnFC- 
NOq RTF CTF(|)ANOC, the blood of Stephen was shed. 
Acts XXII, 20. Sah. oyo# oyMHiNi NNoyrmq, and no 
sign shall be given. Matt. XII, 39. Ay-KOCFN NFMAq, we 
are buried with him. Rom. VI, 4. 

25. But sometimes the passive voice can only be 
discovered by the sense of the passage read. But see 
further on verbs passive. 

The Prefixes and Suffixes to Verbs. 

The Prefixes. The Suffixes. 

Person. Coptic. Sahidic. 

1. + + t 

2. m. ' K, X K K 
2. f. TF TF F 



46 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 





The Prefixes. 




The Affixes 


Person. 


Coptic. 


Sahidic. 






3. m. 


q 


q 




q 


3. f. 


c 


c 




c 


1 . plur. 


TFN 


TN, 


TFN 


N 


2. 


TFTFN 


TFTN ; TFTFN 


TFN 


3. 


cf 


CF 




Y 



Indicative Mood. 
The 1st Present Tense. 

Singular. 
Coptic. Sahidic. 

*)- -f , / do, or «/« dW^. 

K, X K, thou art, m. 

tf TF, thou art, f 

q q, he is. 

C C, she is. 

Plural. 
TFN TFJ, TFN. we are. 

TFTFN TFTN ? TFTFN, ye arc, 

CF CF, they arc. 



The 2nd Present Tense. 
Singular. 
Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. 

Fl Fl El, / am, cov. 

FK FK FK. thou art, m. 



Coptic. 
FpF 

Fq) 
ed 



FpF 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

Sahidic. 
FpF 

Fq) 

FpF 



17 



Bash. 
fAf, thou art, f. 

F(l) ke lS ' 

H fAf. //* and .*//*?. 
fc\ 



FC$ 

Plural. 

FN N, FN 

FTFTFN FTFTH 

Fy. oy r Fpe Fy?oy. FpF Fy, oy^AF; they are. 
The Imperfect Tense. 
Singular. 



/.v. 

FN. we are. 
FTFTFN, ye are. 



Coptic. 

nai np 

NAK T7F 
NApF nF 

NAq m^ NApi? 
nac ttf( nF 



Sahidic. 
NFl np 
NFK nF 
NFpF nF 

NFq nFK 1Fpe 
nfc npi nF 



Bash. 
NAI TTF, I was. 



nak nF, thou, 111. 
NApF nF. thou, i. 

NAC TTFJ nF. fa 

Plural. 
NAN nF NFN nF NAN nF, ?ve were. 

NApFTFN nF NFTFTN nF NApFTFN nF, ye. 

NAynFNApFnF NFyiTF.NFpFnF NAY™ 7 , NApF HF, they. 

The 1st Perfect Tense. 

Singular. 

Sahidic. Bash. 

Ai Ai. / have. 

AK AK, thou hast, m. 

ApF 

Aq) v 



Coptic. 
AI 
AK 
ApF 

Aq) x 

i A 
AC) 



ApF, thou hast. f. 

■x ,. > he hath. 
Aq t v 

Ma he and she 
AC \ hath. 



48 



Coptic. 
AN 

ApFTFN 
AY ? A 

Th 

Coptic. 
FTAI, 
FTAK, 
FTApF, 

FTAC, \ 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

P 1 u r a 1. 

Sahidic. 
AN 

ATFTN 
AY, A 

e 2nd Perfect Tense 

Singular. 

Sahidic. 
NTAt, 
HTAK, 
NTAp, 



Bash. 
AN, we have. 
ATFTR, ye have. 
Ay, A, they have. 



_ ^ NTA, 
NTAC,\ 



Bash. 
FTAI, / have. 
FTAK, thou hast, m. 
FTApF, thou hast, f. 
FTAfi i he hath. 

*>FTA,^<? a. she. 
* TAC ' hath. 



FTAN, 
FTApFTFN, 
FTAY, PTA, 

Th 

Coptic. 

NF Al TTF, 

NF AK nF, 

NF ApF nF, 

NF Aq nF, J 

NF A nF, \ 

NF AC nF, 

NF A nF, \ 

NF ApF nF,( 



FTAN, ?ve have. 
FTApFTFN, ye have 
FT AY, FT hotkey have 



Plural. 

HTAN, 
NTATFTN, 
NTAY, NTA, 
e Pluperfect Tense. 

S i n g u 1 a r. 

Sahidic and Bash. 
NF Al nF, / had. 
NF AK nF, thou, ill. 
NF ApF nF, thou, f. 

NP ^ "M he. 
NF A nF, \ 

NF AC nF, she. 

NF A nF, 

NF ApF nF, 



he and she 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 


Plural. 




Coptic. Sahidic and Bash. 


NF AN nF, NF AN 


nF, we. 


NF ApFTFN nF, NF ATFTN nF, ye. 


NF Ay TTF, NF Ay 


nF, //^y. 


The Present Tense In 


definite. 


Singular. 




Coptic. Sahidic. 


Bash. 


0)M, 0}At, 


0)AI, / «»«. 


0)AK, 0}AK, 


o)AK, 2$0w, m. 


0)ApF, 0)ApF, 


o)aAf, ^om, f. 



49 



o^ac,) ffiAC,^ ^ac,^ ^ 

Plural. 

0)AN, <J)AN, ^)AN, fttf. 

0)ApFTFN, O^ATFTH, U)ATFTFN, y<<?. 

»Ay, 0)ApF, ©AY, 0)ApF, 0)AY, CX)AAf, *%. 

The Imperfect Tense Indefinite. 

Singular. 

Coptic. Sahidic. 

NFO)AinF, NF 0)AI nF, / was. 

NFO^AKnF, NF (A)AK nF, thou, m. 

NFO)ApFnF, NF 0)ApF nF, #*», f. 

NFO)AqnF,i NF <^AG nF,)NFO)ApF^ D , 

^ VNFO^ApF nF, ^ ^ ? iTP he & she. 
NFO^ACnF,^ r NF 0)AC nF,^ " b > ^ 

7 



50 Chap. VH. Of Verbs. 

Plural. 
Coptic. Sahidic. 

NFO)AN nF, NFO)AN nF, we. 

NF U)ApFTFN TTF, NF U)ATETN nF, y*. 

NF Q|Ay nF, NF O^Ape ITF, NF 0)AY nF, NFO)ApF TTF, they. 

Singular. 
Bash. 
NF 0)AI TIF, / >MS. 
NF (A)AK TO, ^dW, m. 

NF o)aAf np, ^0&, f. 

NF Q^Aq TO, * 



&?. 



nf cuaAf nF, /*<? and s^. 
NF 0)AC nF, ) ^ 

Plural. 

NF 0)AN nF, We. 

NF O^ATFTFN nF, ye. 

NF 0)AY nF, ) _ 

' > they. 

NF 0)AAF nF,^ 

The 1st Future Tense. 



Coptic. 


Sahidic. 




Bash. 


+NA, 


+NA, 




+NF, vel A, I shall. 


XNA, 


KNA, 




KNF, thou, m. 


TFNA, 


TFNA, 




thou, f. 


qNA, 


qNA, 




qNF, he. 


CNA, 


CNA, 




CNF, she. 




Pll 


11 r al. 




TFNNA, 


TFNNA. 


, TFNA. 


, TFNNF, vel A, ^2>£. 


TETFNNA, 


TFTNNA,TFTNA, ye. 


CFNA, 


CFNA, 




CFNF, ^dy. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 51 

The 2nd Future Tense. 

Singular. 
Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. 

FINA, FtNA, AINA vel NF, / shall 

FKNA, FKNA, AKNA, thou, m. 

FpFNA, FpFNA, ApFNA, thou, f. 

FqNA,) FqNA,) agnaJ f% _ 

>FDF..NA, n >FDF..NA, ^ >ADF..NA,^&^. 
FCNA,j r FCNA,j r ACNA^ r s fa 

Plural. 

FNNA, NNA, FNNA, ANNA, vel NF, ?ve. 
FpFTFNNA, FTFTNNA, FTFTNA, ApFTFNNA, ye. 

FyNA, oyNA, FyNA, oyNA, AyNA, they. 

The Prefixes Copt, are sometimes written aina, 

AKNA, ApFNA, etc. 

The 3rd Future Tense. 
Singular. 
Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. 

FtF, FIF, FIF, / shall. 

FKF, FKF, FKF, thou, m. 

FpF, FpF, FpF, thou f. 

IX' *?*> IZi f p f ' IJIw^ and she - 



FCF,( Y FCF,( V FCF 



she. 



Plural. 

FNF, FNF, FNF, we. 

FpFTFNF, FTFTNF, FTFTfiF, ye. 

FyF, FpF, FyF, PpF, FyF, FpF, they. 



7* 



52 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 





The 4th Future Tense. 




Singular. 


Coptic. 


Sahidic, Bash. 


TA, 


TA, TApi, TA, / shall 




TApFK, thou, m. 


TFpA, 


TFpA, TFpA, thou, f. 




TApFq, he. 




TApFC, she. 




Plural. 




TApH, we. 




TApFTN, TAAFTFN, ye. 




TApoy, they. 




The Imperfect Tense. 




Singular. 


Coptic. Sahidic. 


NAINA, 


NFINA, / should. 


NAKNA, 


NFKNA, thou, m. 


NApFNA 


p NFpFNA, thou, f. 

NFONA,) he i ' 
NADF..NA, n >NFDF..NAA&^ 

"™"*>) she. 


NAqNA,) 
NACNA,j 




Bash. 




nainf vel na, /should. 




NAKNF, thou, m. 




NApFNF, t/lOU, f. 




n ^>l»^t&ske. 




NACNF,J-NE, she 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



53 



Plural. 

Coptic. Sahidic. 

NANNA rTF, NFNNA TTF, we. 

NApFTFNNA TTF, NFTFTRA TTF, ye. 

NAYNA, NApU..NA TTF, NFyNA, NFpF..NA TTF, they. 

Bash. 

NANNF nF, We. 
NApETFNNF TTF, ye. 
NFyNF, NApFNF nF, they. 



The Subjunctive Mood. 

Singular. 

Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. 

RTA, NTA, that I. 

Rr, hr, thou, m. 

RTF, ntf, ^0a, f. 

RC, } NFC, RC, } she% 



NTA, 
NTEK, 
NTF, 
NTFq,) . 
NTFC,( 



he. 





Plural. 




NTFN, 


RTR, 


NTR, fltf. 


NTFTFN, 


RTFTR, 


NTFTR, ye. 


NTOy, NTF, 


RCF, RTF, 


NCF, NTF, M^y. 



54 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



Coptic. 
MApi, 
MApFK, 

Maps, 

MApFC] 



The Optative Mood. 
Singular. 

Bash. 
maAi, / may, 
maAfk, thou, m. 
maAf, thou, f. 

he. 



Sahidic. 
MApi, 
MApFK, 
MApF, 

MApFq 



MADF 
MApFC, } r MApFC 



MADF, A *}MA?W, he &she. 

maAfc,| shem 



Plural. 

MApFN, MApN, MAAfN, we. 

MApFTFN, MApFTN, MAAFTFN, ye. 

MApoy, MApF, MApoy, MApF, MAAoy, MaAf, they. 

The Imperative Mood. 

Singular and Plural. 

A, Api or ma, or the root itself. 

The Infinitive Mood. 
F or n or the root itself. 



Participles. 
nAXlN,nFKXlN,TTEqXN&C.OrTTXtNTA, nxlNTFK, TTXlNTq &C 



The verb tako, to destroy, is given with the aug- 
ments, to convey a more clear idea of their position. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



55 



Coptic. 
TEN-TAKO, 

TETEN-TAKO, 

CE-TAKO, 



Indicative Mood. 

The 1st Present Tense. 

Singular. 
Coptic. Sahidic. 

i~-TAKO, 'f-TAKO, I am destroying. 

K-TAKO, thou art destroying, m. 

TE-TAKO, thou art destroying ', f. 

q-TAKO, he is destroying. 

CTAKO, she is destroying. 

Plural. 

Sahidic. 
TN, or tfn-TAKO , we a?*e destroying. 

TETN, 0VTGTEH-TAKO,ye are destroying. 

CE-TAKO, they are destroying. 




Coptic. 
El-TAKO, 

EK-TAKO, 

EpE-TAKO 

EC|- ) 

E P E-( 

EC- \ 



TAKO, 



EpE -\ 



TAKO, 



The 2nd Present Tense. 

Singular. 
Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

El-TAKO, El-TAKO, I am destroying, mv. 

EK-TAKO, EK-TAKO, thou, m. 

EpE-TAKO, eAe-TAKO, thou, f. 

Eq- ) 

E P E-j 

EC- i 



TAKO, J } TAKO, he. 
1 > TAKO, she. 



TAKO, 



Plural. 

EN-TAKO, N,01'EN-TAKO, EN-TAKO, we. 

ETETEN-TAKO,ETETR-TAKO, ETETEN-TAKO, ye. 

Ey- \ FY" ) E Y" 

OY" / TAKO, OY- / TAKO, Oy- / TAKO, they. 

FpE-J EpE-) &&- 



5G 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



The Imperfect Tense. 

Singular. 

Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

NAl-TAKO nF, NFl-TAKO TTF, NAl-TAKO nF, / was. 

NAK-TAKO nF, NFK-TAKO nF, NAK-TAKO nF, thou, m. 

NApF-TAKO nF, NFpF-TAKO nF, NApF-TAKO nF, thou, f. 

NAq- ) NFG- J NAG- ) 

1 VTAKOnF, ^ >TAKOnF, ^ > TAKO nF, he. 

NApF ) NFpF- \ NApF -) 

NAC- ) NFC- ) NAC- ) 

>TAKO nF, > TAKO nF, > TAKO nF, she. 

NApF-^ NFpF-l NApF-} 



Plural. 

NAN-TAKO nF, NFN-TAKO nF, NAN-TAKO nF, we. 

N ApFTFN-TAKO nF,NFTFTN-TAKO nF,NApFTFN-TAKOnF,^. 

NAY" ) NFY- ) NAY- ) 

> TAKO nF, > TAKO nF, > TAKO nF, they. 

NApF^ NFpF-i NApF-} 



Coptic. 

Al-TAKO, 

AK-TAKO, 

ApF-TAKO 

Aq 

A- 

AC 

A- 



TAKO, 



TAKO, 



The 1st Perfect Tense. 
Singular. 

Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

Al-TAKO, / have. 
AK-TAKO, thou, m. 
ApF-TAKO, thou, f. 

Aq- 

A- 



Al-TAKO, 

AK-TAKO, 

ApF-TAKO, 

Aq 

A- 

AC-/ 

A- 



TAKO, 



TAKO, 



TAKO, he. 



AC 



TAKO, she. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 
Plural. 



57 



Coptic. Sahidic. 

AN-TAKO, AN-TAKO, 

ApFTFN-TAKO, ATFTN-TAKO, 



Ay- 

A- 



TAKO, 



Ay- 



TAKO, 



Bashmuric. 
AN-TAKO, we. 
ATFTN-TAKO, ye. 

Ay- 

A- 



TAKO, they. 



The 2nd Perfect Tense. 
Singular. 



Coptic. 
FT Al-TAKO, 
FT AK-TAKO, 
FTApF-TAKO 
FTAqi 



FTA- ( 

STAC 

FTA- 



TAKO, 



TAKO, 



Sahidic. 

NTAl-TAKO, 

NTAK-TAKO, 

HTAp-TAKO, 

NTAC1-) 

1 } TAKO, 
NTA ) 

HTAC- 

HTA- 



Bashmuric. 

FTAl-TAKO, / have. 

FTAK-TAKO, thou, m. 

FTApF-TAKO, thou, f. 

FTAq) 

n > TAKO, he. 
FTA- ) 



TAKO, 



FTAC| 
FTA- < 



TAKO, she. 



FTAN-TAKO, 



FTAN-TAKO, we. 



Plural. 

NTAN-TAKO, 

FTApFTFN-TAKO, NTATFTN TAKO, FTApFTFN-TAKO, ye. 

FTAyi HTAy) FT Ay) 

v v > TAKO, V TAKO, V 

FTA- { NTA- ) FTA- ) 

The Pluperfect Tense. 
Singular. 



TAKO, they. 



Coptic. 
NF Al-TAKO TTF, 
NF AK-TAKO nF, 
NF ApF-TAKO TTF, 



Sahidic. 
NF Al-TAKO nF, / had. 
NF AK-TAKO nF, thou, m. 

NF ApF-TAKO nF, thou, f. 

8 



58 



NE Aq 



Coptic. 




tako rre, 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

Sahidic. 
ME Aq 



tako nE, 



Coptic. 
NE AN-TAKO nE, 
NE ApETEN-TAKO nE, 
NE AYTAKO nE, 



NE A- 
NE AC- 
NE A- 
NE ApE 



TAKO nE, he. 
TAKO nE, s/^. 



Plural. 

Sahidic. 
NE AN-TAKO nE, We. 
NE ATETN-TAKO nE, ye. 
NE Ay-TAKO nE, they. 



The 



Coptic. 
0)At-TAKO, 
O^AK-TAKO, 
U)ApE-TAKO 

o^Aq- 

O^ApE 

(0AC- 

U)ApE 



TAKO, 



TAKO, 



0)AN-TAKO, 
O^ApETEN-TAKO, 

(^Ay- 

0)ApE- 



TAKO, 



Present Tense Indefinite. 
Singular. 
Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

0)A1-TAKO, 
U)AK-TAKO, 
0)ApE-TAKO, 

o^Aq- 

0)ApE- 

U)AC- 

U)ApE- 

Plural. 

O)AN-TAK0, 0)AN-TAKO, we 

(^ATETN-TAKO, O)ATETENTAK0, ye. 
U)AY 
9*pE 



TAKO, 
TAKO, 



0)Al-TAKO, / am. 
O)AK-TAK0, />fow, m. 
0)AAe-TAKO, thou, f. 

o)Aq- 
c^aAe- 

0)AC- j 

o)aAe- J 



TAKO, ^tf. 
TAKO, s/*<?. 



4 



TAKO, - > TAKO, *&?y. 

o)aAe- I 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



59 



Coptic. 

NE 0)Al-TAKO TTP, 

NE 0)AK-TAKO nE, 

NE U^ApE TAKO nE, 

NE 0)Aq- ) 

NE 0)ApE-^ 

NE 0)AC- ) 

NE O^ApE -^ 



The Imperfect Tense Indefinite. 

Singular. 

Sahidic. 

NE 0)Al-TAKO nE, / was. 
NE 0)AK-TAKO TTF, $0W, m. 
NE O^ApE-TAKO nE, thou, f. 
NE 0)Aq- ) 
NE 0)ApE-j 
NE 0)AC- ) 
NE 0)ApE-j 

Plural. 

NE C^AN-TAKO T\%, we. 



TAKO nE, 



TAKO nE, 



TAKO nE, he. 
TAKO m, she. 



NE O^AN-TAKO nE 

NE 0)ApETEN TAKO nE, NE G)ATETN-TAKO nE, ye. 

NE U)Ay- ) _ NE o)Ay- ) 



NE 0)ApE-( 



TAKO nE, 



NE 0)ApE-J 

Singular. 
Bashmuric. 
NE 0)Al-TAKO nE, / was. 
NE 0)AK-TAKO nE, thou, m. 

ne ojaAe-tako nE, thou, f. 

NE 0)Aq- ) 
NE 0)AAe-J 
NE 0)AC- ) 
NE 0)AAe -J 

Plural. 
NE o)An-tako nE, #><?. 

NE 0)ATETEN-TAKO nE, ye. 

NE tt)AY' J 

> TAKO nE, $dw 
NE 0)ApE-J 



TAKO nE, tffoy. 



TAKO m^ he. 
TAKO nE, s^tf. 



8* 



60 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



Coptic. 
^-NA-TAKO, 
XNA-TAKO, 
TENA-TAKO. 
qNATAKO, 
CNA-TAKO, 



The 1st Future Tense. 

Singular. 
Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

+NA, +NE-TAKO, I shall. 
KNE-TAKO, thou, m. 

thou, f. 
qNE-TAKO, he. 



+NA-TAKO, 
KNA-TAKO, 
TENA-TAKO, 
qNATAKO, 



CNA-TAKO, 



CNE-TAKO, she. 



TENNA-TAKO, 

TETENNATAKO, 
CENA-TAKO, 



Plural. 



TENNA-i TENNA- 

> TAKO, or \ TAKO, we. 
TENA- TENNE- 



TETNNA 



1 



TAKO, 



TETNA 

CENA-TAKO, CENE-TAKO, they. 



ye. 



Coptic. 

EINA-TAKO, 

EKNA-TAKO, 

EpENATAKO, 

EGNA- ) 

1 > TAKO, 

EpENA- \ 

ECNA- 



The 2nd Future Tense. 

Singular. 

Bashmuric. 
AINA- \ 



Sahidic. 
EINA-TAKO, 



EKNA-TAKO, 

EpENATAKO, 

EqNA- 



EpENA 



TAKO, 



EpENA- 

ECNA- 

EpENA- 



TAKO, 



TAKO, 



7 TAKO, / shall. 
AtNE- ) 

AKNA-TAKO, thou, m. 
ApENA-TAKO, thou, f. 

> TAKO, he. 
ApENA- 

ACNA- 



ApENA- 



TAKO, she. 



Coptic. 
FNNA-TAKO, 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 61 

Plural. 

Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

FNNA-) ANNA- ) 

} TAKO, or V TAKO, we. 
NNA- \ A NNF- ) 

FTFTNNA-) 
FpFTFNNA-TAKO, _ >TAKO, ApFTFNNA-TAKO, ye. 

FYNA-J FYNA ) 

> TAfcO, > TAKO, FYNA-TAKO, they, 

oyNA-l oyNA-l 



Coptic. 

FIF-TAKO, 
FKF-TAKO, 
FpF-TAKO, 
FqF-j 

epfe-j 

FCF-) 
FpF-j 



TAKO, 
TAKO, 



The 3rd Future Tense. 
Singular. 

Bashmuric. 

FIF-TAKO, / shall. 

FKF-TAKO, thou, m. 

FpF-TAKO, thou, f. 

FqF) 

F P F-( 

FCF-) 

F P F-j 



Sahidic. 

FIF-TAKO, 
FKF-TAKO, 
FpF-TAKO, 
FqF-j 



FpF-( 
FCF-i 
F P F-( 



TAKO, 
TAKO, 



TAKO, he. 
TAKO, she. 



FNF-TAKO, 



Plural. 



FNF-TAKO, 



FNF-TAKO, we. 



FpFTFNF-TAKO, FTFTNFTAKO, FTFTNF-TAKO, ye. 



FyF- 

FpF- 



TAKO, 



FyF- 
FpF 



TAKO, 



FyF- 
FpF- 



TAKO, they. 



62 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 





The 4th Future 


Tense. 




Singular. 


Coptic. 


Sahidic. 


Bashmuric. 


TA-TAKO, 


TA- ) 

> TAKO, 
TApi- S 


TA-TAKO, / shall. 


, 


TApFK-TAKO, 


thou, m. 


TFpATAKO, 


TFpA-TAKO, 


TFpATAKO, thou, f. 




TApuq-TAKO, 


he. 




TApFC-TAKO, 


she. 




Plural. 





TApN-TAKO, we. 

TApFTR-TAKO, TAAfTFN-TAKO, ye. 
TApoy-TAKO, they. 



Coptic. 
NAINATAKO, 



The Imperfect Future. 
Singular. 



Sahidic. 
NFINA-TAKO, 



Bashmuric. 

NAINF- ) t l u 

or >TAKO, I should. 



NAINA- ) 
NAKNA-TAKO, NFKNA-TAKO, NAKNF-TAKO, thou, m. 

NApFNA-TAKO, NFpFNATAKO, NApFNF-TAKO, thou, f. 

NAHNA- ) NFGNA- ) NAqi 

1 } TAKO, ^ } TAKO, ^ 

NApFNA-\ NFpFNA ) HApFN! 



NACNA- 
NApFNA 



TAKO, 



NFCNA- 
NFpFNA 



TAKO, 



NF- I 
FNF- ( 
NACNF ) 
NApFNF, ^ 



TAKO, he. 



TAKO, she. 



Coptic. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

Plural. 
Sahidic. Bashmuric. 



63 



NANNA-TAKO, NENNA-TAKO, NANNE-TAKO, we. 

NApETENNA-TAKO, NETETNATAKO, NApETENNE-TAKO,^. 

NAYNA- ) NEYNA- i NEyNE- I 

} TAKO, VTAKO, >TAKO, they. 

NApENA- \ NEpENA- \ NApENE- ) 



Coptic. 

NTA-TAKO, 
NTEKTAKO, 
NTE-TAKO, 
NTEq- 



NTE- 

NTEC- 

NTE- 



TAKO, 
TAKO, 



The Subjunctive Mood. 
Singular. 



Sahidic, 

NTA-TAKO, 

NT-TAKO, 

NTE-TAKO, 

NEq, N(] 

NTE- 

NC- 



TAKO, v 

NTE 



Bashmuric. 

NTA-TAKO, that / 
Nr-TAKO, thou, m. 
NTE-TAKO, thou, f. 

NEq, Nq 



NTE- 



TAKO, 



NEC- NC- 
NTE- 



TAKO, he. 



TAKO, she. 



Plural. 

NTEN-TAKO, NTN-TAKO, NTN-TAKO, we. 

NTETEN-TAKO, NTETN-TAKO, NTETN-TAKO, ye. 

NTOy) NCE-) NCE-) 

\ TAKO, } TAKO, v > TAKO. they. 

NTE- \ NTE -) NTE-} 9 



64 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



The Optative Mood. 
Singular. 



Coptic. 
MApi-TAKO, 
MApFK-TAKO 
MApFTAKO, 

MApsq-i 

MApF- ) 
HApEC-i 



TAKO, 



Sahidic. 
MApt-TAKO, 
MApBK-TAKO 
MApFTAKO, 

MApuq-l 



Bashmuric. 
maAi-tako, / may. 
maAfk-tako, thou, m. 
maAf-tako, thou, f. 

MAAFq-i 



MApF- ) 



TAKO, 



MApFN-TAKO, 
MApFTFN-TAKO, 

MA P° Y j T A KO, 
HApF- ) 



r > TAKO, , ^ TAKO, he. 

MApF- ) MAAF- ) 

MADFC-) MAAfC-) 

r } TAKO, A > TAKO, she. 

MApF- ) MAAF- \ 

Plural. 

MApN-TAKO, MAAFN-TAKO, we. 

MApFTN-TAKO, MAAFTFN-TAKO, ye. 

MAOOV-J MAAoy) 

r V TAKO, . \ TAKO, they. 

MApF- \ MAAF- ) 



The Imperative Mood. 
Singular and Plural. 

A-TAKO, 



Api-TAKO,! „ 

1 > aestr* 

MA-TAKO 



oy. 



TAKO, 

The Infinitive Mood. 

F-TAKO, 

N TAKO, ) to destroy. 

TAKO, 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



65 



Participles. 

m tic. Sahidic. 

xin, (Tin, 

itaxin or ttxinta, na(fiM, 

TTFKS1N, TTFK<flN, 

npqxiN, &c. rrFq(fiN, &c. 

That these are participles is evident from the Ara- 
bic, with which they correspond. 



Bashmuric. 
XIH, 
TTAXtN, 

nFKxiN, 
neqxiN, &c. 



Participles. 
26. The participles are formed by f, ft or fo, be- 
fore the prefixes to the verbs. There are also some 
peculiar forms of participles, which end in noyr, Copt, 
iiyr, Sail. (jooyr, Copt. ooyT, Sah. and Aoyx, Bash. 
as ToyBHoyT, Copt. MOuoyT, Copt, and maoyt, Bash. 



Verbs united with particles expressive of time. 

The particles ftp, Copt. NTFpF, Sah. when. 

Singular. 

Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

FTA1, HTFpt, NTFpEl, FTAl, NTFAF!, 

FTAK, HTFpFK, 

FTApF, NTFpF, FTAq, NTF^Fq, 

FTAq) v HTFDFq, ) 

7 FTApF, r ^ V TTTFDF, 

FTAC^ r NTFpFC, \ r 



66 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

Plural. 
Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

ETAN, NTFpEN, ETAN, NTfAfN, 1 

FTApETFN, NTFpETN, ETATETEN, NTfAeTEN, 

ETAY, FTApF, HTEpOy, NTFAoy, NTEAFy. 

Verbs with the particles 0)ATE, Copt. O^ANTF, Sah. until. 
Singular. 
Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

tt)A+, OJANTFl, 0)ANf, 0)ANTFI, 

U)ATFK, U)ANTK, 

O^ATE, OJANTE, 

~ ' 0)ATF, J>a)ANTE, 0)ANTEq, 

0)ATFC,j ** tt)ANTC,p ^ ^ 

Plural. 

0)ATEN, 0)ANTN, 

0)ATETFN, O^ANTFTN, 

$X)ATOy, O^ATE, (yANTOy, tt)ANTE, O)ANT0y. 

Verbs with the particle ENE or EN, if. 

Singular. 

Coptic. Sahidic. 

ENA1, FNFAl nE, ENEl nE, 

ENAK, ENEAK nF, ENEK nE, 
ENApE nE, ENEpE nE, 

*N A q, ™^ ^ ^'j ENE pS TIB, 
ENAC, ENE A nE, ENFC,) r 

Plural. 

ENAN nE, ENEN nF, 

ENApFTEN nF, FNFTFTH nF, 

FNAY, ^NApE nF, ENFy, ENEpE nE. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 67 

Verbs with the particle U}AN, if, when. 
Singular. 

Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

AlU^AN, Fltt)AN, 

AKO)AN, FKU)AN, 

ApFtt)AN, FpO)AN, aAF0)AN, 

Aqo^ANJ Fqo^AN,) 



>ApFO)AN, ' } EpO)AN, 

ACO)AN,$ r ^ FCO^AN,^ r 

Plural. 

ANtt)AN, FNU)AN, 

ApFTFNO^AN, FTFTNO^AN, 

AY^AN, ApFO)AN, EycyAN, Fpo^AN. 

Verbs with the particle MnATF, before. 

Singular. 

Coptic. Sahidic. 

MTTA+, RnA+, 

HnATFK, RnATK, 

HTTATF, RnATF, 

WTATFq, ) , RnATq,) __ 

1 > MnATF, n > MnATF, 

MnATFC,) RnATC^ 

Plural. 

M17ATFN, RnATN, 

MnATFTFN, RnATFTN, 

HnATOy, MnATF, RTTATOy, RnATF. 



68 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

The Tenses. 
The 1st Present Tense. 

27. The 1st Present Tense is formed by adding the fol- 
lowing prefixes to the root, *\Iam, k, or x Copt, before A, m, 
n, oy, or p, thou art, m.: TF thou art, f.: q, he is; c, she is; 
tfn, C. tfn, tn, S. we are; tetfn, C. tftfn, or tftH, 
S. ye are; CF, they are. Thus, 'fxoooyN MITFKgOXgFX, 
I know thy tribulation, Rev. II, 9. qo nnofik, is an adulterer, 
Luke XVI, 18. Sah. xf q MMAy that he is there. John XII, 
9. Sah. 

The 2nd Present Tense. 

28. The 2nd Present Tense has the following prefixes, 
as, Ft, / am; fk, thou art, m. FpF, thou art, f.; Fq or FpF, 
he .is; FC or FpF, she is; FN, Copt, fn or n, Sah. we are; 
FTFTFN, ftfth, ye are; Fy, oy or FpF, they arc; 

29. The second person f. is ppp, (Bash. fAf,) but be- 
fore vowels it is written. Fp, and occasionally, FpA, as 
FpFipF, thou docst; S. Ming. 258. FpoyFO), thou wilt ; S. 
Zoeg. p. 509. Sometimes it is written p pAoBF, thou art 
mad; S. Acts XII, 15. The Bash, corresponds as pAcooyN, 
thou knowest, Zoeg. 151. FpF the prefix of the third persons 
sing, and plur. is always separated from the verb, by the 
noun or some other word, as FpF rroygHT mok#, their 
heart wasa/flicled, Matt. XXVI, 22. FpF oyNta)'}- rap Ngox- 
£FX tt)0)m, for great tribulation shall be. Matt. XXIV, 21. 

30. The Prefix FpF appears to be almost indefinite 
as to time. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 69 

31. The third person plural is Fy, but after t it 
is written oy, as <])hft oyMoyf Fpoq, when, the?/ call 
Matt. XXVII, 22. 

F is the sign of the participle present as fcoo f 
Xnok 0yC£lMl NCAMAptTHC. to drink, I being (ovgo) 
a woman of Samaria, John IV, 9. F ANON £FNp(DMF 
N£po)MAlOC. F MN NOBF FpON, we being men Romans, 
not being a fault in us. Sah. Acts XVI, 37. 

32. The following examples will serve to show the 
prefixes of the 2nd present tense, as, anok &f fi #n 
TFTMMHTF, but I am among you, Luke XXII, 27. Sah. 
FK Z l TFgiH NRMAq, thou art in the way with him. 
Matt. V, 25. Sah. Fq £N ttif, is in heaven. Matt. VI, 10. 
Sahidic. 

33. The prefixes of this tense also express the pre- 
sent participle, as, AqNAy FoypooMi FqgFMCt, he saw 
a man sitting, Matt. IX, 9. wvh &F NAy+gO Fpoq FIF 
Fyxo)HMOC, and the devils besought him saying, Matt. 
VIII, 31. 

Imperfect Tense. 

34. The Imperfect Tense is formed by prefixing the 
following particles to the root, nai. / was; nak, thou 
wast, m. NApF, thou ?vast, f. NAq or NApF, he was; NAC 
or NApF, she ?vas. Plur. nan, we were; NApFTFN, ye 
?vere; NAy or NApF, they were. The Sahidic is nfi, 

NFK, NFpF, NFq Or NFpF, NFC Or NFpF. Plur. NFN, 

nftftn. NFy or NFpF. Sometimes the Sahidic is writ- 
ten without the f, as, Nq, nc, nn, etc. 



70 Chap. Vn. Of Verbs. 

35. The Imperfect Tense has fte frequently follow- 
ing the verb, as, oyog NAq+CBO) tte, and taught, John 
VII, 14. NEqo^oorr TTE Htfi nAoroc, the word was, John 
I, 1. Sah. NAqfc>0)NT AE tte TTiTTACXA, and the Passover 
was near, John XI, 55. &E NEqA£EpAT(| TTE RBoA, but 
he stood without, John XVII, 16 Sah. 

NApE or NupE Sah. is generally separated from 
the verb, and usually occurs before the nominative pre- 
ceding it, as NApe NlMAOHTHC eoyHT, the disciples 
were assembled, John XX, 19. S. NEpE TTEqNO(T AS FTtt)HpE 
gFf TCO)U)E, and his greater son was in the field, Luke 
XXII, 25. Sah. The Bashmuric will probably be written 
occasionally naAe. 

The 1st Perfect Tense. 

36. The Prefixes to the 1st Perfect Tense are At, I; 
AK, thou, m. ApE or Ap, thou, f. Aq or a. he; AC or a, 
she; Plur. AN, we; ApETEN, ATETH, Sahidic, ye; Ay or 
A, they. 

37. When a occurs in composition it is usually 
found before the nominative to the verb, as Thc a ttittna 
oAq, the spirit took Jesus, Matt. IV, 1. A Ic xooc NAq, 
Jesus said to him. Sah. Mark XIV, 72. A RioyAAl TcooyN, 
the Jews rose, Acts XVIII, 12. Sah. nhet a Ninpo(j)H- 
THC xoTOy, those things ?vhich the Prophets said, Acts 
XXVI, 22. 

38. Although a is used instead of the Prefixes Aq, 
AC and Ay, yet it occurs also with them ; as, a TAa)EpE 
AcbcDNT E())MOy, my daughter hath approached to death, 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 71 

Mark. V, 23. X ttcatanac Aqa)FNAq FboyN ftt£ht 

Nloy^AC. Satan entered into the heart of Judas. Luke 

XXII, 3. XF A #hAiac oyo> AqFi, ^/fo/ i^s hath now 
come. Matt. XVII, 12. Sah. 

The 2nd Perfect Tense. 

39. The 2nd Perfect Tense is distinguished by ft 
Copt, and nt Sah. being added to the first perfect, in 
all the persons, except that the 2 pers. fern, is NTAp, 
instead of irrApF. 

40. The HTA, is found in the same position in com- 
position as the a in the first perfect, thus; nt A TC 
&F XOOC FTBF, but Jesus spoke concerning, John XI, 13. 
Sah. FNFMl XF TTXC FTAqTGDNq FB0Afc>FN NHFTMODOyT, 
we know that Christ hath risen from the dead. Rom. VI, 9. 

41. The Prefixes are often found after the particle 
xf, thai, and sometimes after fnf, if; and aAAa, but. 
But the nt must not be confounded with nt, who, which. 

The Pluperfect Tense. 

42. The Pluperfect Tense is formed by adding the 
auxiliary verb nf ttf to the prefixes of the perfect, as 
NF Al TTF, /; NF AK TTF, thou, m.; nf ApF tif ? thou, f.; 
NF Aq or A TTF, he; nf AC or A TTF, she; Plur. nf AN 
TTF, we; NF ApFTFN or ATFTN, TTF, ye. S. NF Ay or A 
TTF, they; as, NF AqFpgHTC Npwi TTF, had begun to de- 
cline, Luke IX, 12. NioyAAi nf AyFi ttf o)A MApeA, 
the Jews had come to Martha, John XI, 19 Sah. nf Ay- 
NAy rAp Fpoq Tupoy TTF, for all had seen him, Mark 



72 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

VI, 50. This Tense is also found without the rrF, as, 
vhc &F Aqi FBoA ; Jesus had gone out, John V, 13. TAl 
AF NF ACOyAgc nca TTAyAoc, and this had followed 
Paul Acts XVI, 17. Sah. 

The Present Tense Indefinite. 

43. This Tense is formed by adding a), and sometimes 
fu> in the Sahidic to the Perfect Tense, as oiai, /; 
o)AK, thou, m.; a)ApF or a)Ap, ^0&, f. o^aAf, B. u)Aq 
or ujApF, u^aAf, B. he; o)AC or cpApF, 0)aAf, B. ^; 
Plur. 0}AN, we; oiApFTFN, o^atftn, S. #<?; ojAY or 
a)ApF, 0)aAf, Bash. they. 

This Tense sometimes expresses the present, and 
sometimes the perfect. 

The Imperfect Tense Indefinite. 

44. The Imperfect Tense Indefinite is formed from 
the preceding by adding nf to it, as oyo£ nf o^Ayc- 
ONgq TTF ? and they had hound him, or he was bound. 
Luke VIII, 29. nf a)Aqoya)M ttf nfm nifgmoc. he 
did eat with the gentiles. Gal at. II, 12. 

The 1st Future Tense. 

45. The Prefixes to the first Future are na or nf 
Bash, with the Prefixes of the first Present Tense, as, 
+HA, I; K or xna. thou, m.; tfna. thou, f. ; qNA. he; 
CNA, she; Plur. tfnna. tfna, Sah. me; tftfnna, TF- 
tnna, Sah. ye; cpna, they; thus: fcf ttia(|)OT f+na- 
COq. to drink the cup which I shall drink? Matt. XX, 22. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 73 

TFTNA£MOOC gCDTTHyTH, ye also shall sit. Matt. XIX, 
28. Sahidic. 

The 2nd Future Tense. 

46. The characteristics of the second Future are 
na or nf Bash, united with the Prefixes of the second 
Present Tense, fina, /; fkna, thou, m.; FpFNA, thou, f.; 
FqNA or FpFNA, he; FCNA or FpFNA, she; Plur. fnna 
or nna. Sah. we; FpFTFNNA or ftftnna, ftftna, Sah.^; 
FyNA or oyNA, they; thus: FqNAMOOO)F RTOTq RpATq, 
he will yo on foot. Acts XX, 13. Sah. xfkac gODTTHyTH 
FTFTNATNCTFyF, that ye might believe. John XIX, 35. Sah. 
oyO£ ma)AoA FT oyNAFpBGDK? and the nation that they 
shall serve, Acts VII, 7. 

47. The second person fern. sing. Sah. occurs thus, 
FpNA. These Prefixes do not always express the Fu- 
ture, for instance they express the present participle, 

TTFTpOC MN KJDgANNHC FyNABOOK F£OyN p TTFpTTF, 

Peter and John ente?iny into the Temple, Acts III, 3. Sah. 
and with #iNA they express the Subjunctive Mood. 

The Coptic has sometimes aina, akna, ApFNA etc. 
as, £ApA AqNAXFM &Ai gicDTC, if he might find any 
thing upon it, Mark XI, 13. 

The 3rd Future Tense. 

48. The Prefixes of the third Future. 

The Prefixes of this Tense are fif, I; fkf, thou, m.; 

FpF, thou, f. ; FqF or FpF, he; FCF or FpF, she; Plur. 

FNF, we; FpFTFNF, FTFTHF ; Sah. ye; FyF, FpF, they; thus: 

10 



74 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

FCFMtCl NOyu)Hpi EyPHOyi" FHFqpAN, she shall bring 
forth a son and they shall call his name. Matt. I, 23. FpF 
mpcDMi xa neqicoT nfm TFqMAy Ncouq oyo# £q£- 
TOHq FTFqC£iMl ; a man shall leave his father and his 
mother, and shall cleave to his wife. Matt. XIX, 5. 

This Tense sometimes expresses the Optative Mood, 
as, TFXApiC FCFO)0)nF nmman, grace be with ns, 2. John 
5. Sah. xfkac FpF oypooMi NOyorr Moy 7 that one man 
should die, John XI, 50. 

The 4th Future Tense. 

49. The Prefixes to this Tense are very seldom 
met with, but we may note a few examples, as, ttca# 
TAOyA£T FTCCOK, Master, I will follow thee. Matt. VIII, 
19. Sah. oyo<3 gunTTF TFpAFpBOKi, and behold thou shall 
conceive, Luke I, 31. TFpANAy FTTODOy M^, thou shall 
see the glory of God. John XI, 40. TApWpNOBF sf HT- 
TTo}OOTT AM £A TTNOMOC. shall we sin because we are not 
under the law? Rom. VI, 15. Sah. o^inf TApFTN<TiNF. 
TO)£H TApoyoyODN nhtn, seek, ye ■ shall find; knock, 
they shall open to you. Luke XI, 9. Sah. 

The Imperfect Future Tense. 

50. This Tense contains the Prefixes to the imper- 
fect, and na the characteristic of the future, as, 

NAINA, NFINA, /; NAKNA, NFKNA, Sah. thou, m.; NApFNA, 

NFpFNA. Sah. thou, f.; etc. often withnF. oyog gai nac- 
NAMOy TTF, and she was about to die, Luke VIII, 42. 
NApF TTIXOI PAp NAetOyi MTTFqAOyiN FMMAy, for 



Chap. VH. Of Verbs. 75 

the ship was to cast oat her harden lhe?*e. Acts XXI, 3. 
NApFTFNNATmTOy Mm 17F ? ije would have given them to 
me. Galat. IV, 15. nfynamio)f ttf x\G\ NAgynepHTTHC, 
my servants would fight, John XVIII, 36. Sail. 

The Subjunctive Mood. 

51. The Prefixes to this Mood are nta, /; ntfk, 
np, Sah. thou, m.; ntf. thou, I; NTFq, ntf ? wq, NFq, 
Htf. Sah. /^; ntfc, ntf, nc, Htf, Sah. s/?<?/ Plur. ntfn, 
NTH, Sah. #v?; NTFTFN. ntftn. S&h.ye; NTOy, NTF, HCF, 
NTF, Sah. M^. 

This Mood follows the tense of the verb that pre- 
cedes it, whether of the present Tense, the Imperfect, 
the Perfect, or the Future, as, NFyccoTM mn ftfcmh 
NCFNOl AN , they heard a voice, but they understood not, 
Sah. Acts IX, 7. CFNAnApAAi&oy Rnoq f TOOToy nn- 
pcoHF NCFMOOyrq. they shall deliver him into the hands 
of men, they shall kill him. Matt. XVII, 22. Sah. 

Also FTpFqAAF NqgMOOC £VToya)Tq, that he would 
ascend and sit with him. Sah. Acts VIII, 31. F0poyo)F 
FboyN, that they went in, Acts XIV, 1. £M TTTFycaoTM 
Fpoq AyO) TMCFNAy mmafin FNFqFipF MMODOy, when 
they heard and saw the miracles which he did. Acts IX, 6. 
Sah. gR nTpAOOO), when I cry. Ps, IV, 3. Sah. 

After the Particles #ina, o^an, ^ooctf. xf ? xfkac, 
mhttotf etc., it is the Subjunctive; as, #ina ntftfn 
FMi, that ye may know. Matt. IX, 6. 

10* 



76 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

The Optative Mood. 

52. This Mood has MAp added to the Prefixes of 
the second Present Tense, as, MApi, /; M&pFK. thou, m. 
MApF. thou, f.; MApFq, MApF, he; MApFC. MApF, she 
Plur. HApFN, MApn. Sah. we; MApFTFN. MApFTN, Sah.^ 
MApoy, MApF, the?j; thus, HApF TTAl A(|)OT CFNT, this 
cup pass from me. Matt, XXVI, 39. MApFqNAgMFq ma- 
pFqToyxoq, let him deliver him, let him save him, Psalm 
XXII, 8. The Bashmuric has MAApq, maAfn, etc. 

The Imperative Mood. 

53. The Imperative Mood is expressed by the root 
itself without any Prefix, as, ccdtfm, hear thou, hear ye; 
CMOy, praise thou, praise ye; or it takes A, Apt. or MA 
before the root, as, ANAy oyog ApF£ FpoDTFN, see, and 
keep you, Luke XII, 15. nhfto^cdni XpivpAhpi Fpooy, 
heel the sick , Matt. X, 8. ApiMHTpF £A TTATTFGOOy, 
bear witness of the evil, John XVIII, 23. Sah. Api(j)MEyl 
HC^pH^ FTAqCAXi NFMCDTFN, remember, as he spoke with 
you, Luke XXIV, 6. (j)Ai kF AptFMi, and know this, Luke 
XII, 39. AXOC, Copt. Axic, Sah. say, say ye; AMOy, come; 
XAt, take, from fA; aAok, Zoeg. p. 520. aAcotH, suffer 
ye her, John XII, 7. Sah. from Ao. ANi, bring, from FN etc. 

The Infinitive Mood. 

54. The Infinitive Mood is sometimes expressed 
by the root itself, but more frequently it has f or n pre- 
fixed, as, FyKO)+NCA CAXi NFMAq, seeking to speak 



Chap. VH. Of Verbs. 77 

with him, Luke XII, 46. thus, AqTAoyoq FCMoy FpoDTFN, 
he sent him to bless you. Acts III, 26. oyO£ Ali FTTFCHT 
FNAgMOy, aud I have come down to deliver them, Acts 
VII, 34. Aqpp^HTC N^toyi FBoA, he began to cast out, 
Luke XIX, 45. oyog mftf <?Ai q^xfmxom NFpoycb, and 
no one could answer, Matt, XXII, 46. Aya) AyApXFi 
nq)AXF, and began to speak, Acts II, 4. Sahidic. 

The Coptic takes n hefore the verb as a sign of 
the Infinitive , as F TTKOCT, nyog to ivzacpiaoai /Lte y to 
my burial, Sah. Matt. XXVI, 12. ncoyo>Nr, to tnloraodal 
ae, Sap. 793. 

F is also used to express the Infinitive with the 
verbs epF, TpF, Sah. as, XpFTFNFpFTFN FepoyXA oy- 
pcoMt ncdtfn FBoA NpFqk>0)TFB, ye have asked them to 
release a murderer to you, or that they would etc., Acts 
111, 14. FTpFygApFg Fpoq, to keep him, or that they 
should keep etc., Acts XII, 4. FGpFKAVToy, to do them, 
ooi noLrpai, Acts XXII, 10. FTpFq+ NOyMFTANFA M- 
TTThA, to give repentance to Israel, Sail. Acts V, 31. NA- 
Noyc NAN FTpFNOO) Fim ha, wde elvcu, good for us 
to remain here, or that we should remain, Mark. IX, 5. Sah. 
FGpF NIFONOC C03TFM FTTlCAXt, UXOVOCU TU tdvrj, the 
gentiles to hear the word, or should hear the word, Acts XV, 7. 

We may here remark that sin the sign of action 
and epF are thus construed, FrrxiNToycoDTFM ncodn, 
nQoq to neideodai avTovq, Copt. FTpFycoDTH NAN, to 
obey us, or that they may obey us, James III, 3. fc>FN 
TTXiNTOyTACGO, iv Tto vicooTQeyeiv avTovg, in their re- 
turning \ Luke II, 43. 



78 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

The Participles. 

55. The Participles of the Present Tense are ex- 
pressed by the Prefixes of the 2nd Present Tense, as, 
AC|TO)B£ Fqxo)MMOC, he prayed, saying, Matt, XXVI, 39. 
FyniM NToyA(})F FyxcoMMOC, wagging their heads, say- 
ing, Matt. XXVII, 39. FqMooo)F Ayoo Fqxiqotfc FqcMoy 
FiTNOyTF, walking and leaping, praising God, Acts III, 8. S. 

Participles are also expressed by the Prefixes of 
the Perfect and the Future with the relative pronoun 
prefixed, as, Neouoy as FTAycoDTFM Ay+ODoy M(j)+, 
ol de a7.soa.vTeq, i$6£a£ov tov xvqiov, and they hea?ing, 
or (when they heard) glo?ified God, Acts XXI, 20. FTAqqAl 
AF NNFqBAA Fno^cut, and lifting up his eyes, John VI, 5. 
oyog nhfgnacgdtfm FyFCDNb, and those hearing {pi 
dxovoavTtg) shall live, John V, 25. fgnatako, perituram, 
John VI, 27. 

Participles are also formed by prefixing f to the 
signs of the Perfect Tense, as, FAqgON^FN, naqayytikaq, 
Matt. X, 5. FAY+gAlT, xQivavreg, Acts XIII, 27. 
FATFTFNFp^HTC icxfn iAhh, aQ^djbievoi, beginning from 
Jerusalem, Luke XXIV, 47. 

The Potential Mood. 

56. The Letter a), (fo) Sahitic.) is often met with 
between the Prefixes and verbs, being the sign of the 
Potential Mood. It is found connected with the pre- 
formants of the Indicative Mood, and the Negative Pre- 
fixes, but is most frequently united with those of the 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 79 

Future Tenses, thus: NAycoo~Nt xe Apuoy cenao^no- 
gEM MTTtXOl EMAy, they took counsel whether they could 
save the vessel there, Acts XXVII, 39. TEqrENEA nim 
TrETNAE<yTAyoc, who can declare his generation, Acts 
VIII, 33. Sah. NNAEO)oyxAi N£HTq, del owdfjvcu, by 
which we can be saved, Acts IV, 12. Sah. EyxoDMMOC 
NAq xe nim EeNAtyNOgEM, saying to him, who can be 
saved? Mark X, 26. 

Of the Prefix 0)Oy. 

57. M. Quatremere says that cyoy, when placed be- 
fore verbs serves to indicate that a thing ought to be 
done, — that it merits to be done; as u AqTOyTO)N TEq- 
xix eboA NttjoycoAnc, It etendii sa main, qui eut merits 
d'etre coupee." In composition it appears to express di- 

gnuS, as, £0)C £ANU)OyMENpiTOy NE NEKMANO)0)m, 

how worthy to be loved (lovely) are thy tabernacles, Psalm 
LXXXIII, 1. AAyiA ntoypo TTtO)oyTAioq, David the king, 
very worthy to be honoured. Prec. Copt. MS. p. 277, 284 etc. 
ga)B fta)oypo)nvipE MMOq, things worthy to be admired, 
Zoeg. 619. Sahidic. 

The Negative Prefixes. 

The Negative Prefix n. 

58. The negative Prefixes to verbs are an, n, with 
an, n, m, mfte, mttate, tm, o^tem, which are thus used. 



80 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



The 


1st Present Tense 
Singular. 


Negative. 




Coptic. 


Sahidic. 


Bashmuric. 




N+ AN, 


N+ AN, 


FN Or N+ EN, 


I. 


NK AN, 


NT AN, 


thou, 


m. 


NTF AN, 


NTF AN, 


thou, 


f. 


Nq AN, 


Fq AN, 


FNq FN, he. 




NC AN, 


NC AN, 

Plural. 


she. 




NTFN AN, 


NTN AN, 


we. 




NTFTFN AN, 


NTFTN AN, 


ye. 




NCF AN, 


NCF AN, 


FNCF FN, they. 





The 2nd Present Tense Negative. 

Singular. 
Coptic. Sahidic. 

NAl AN, NFl AN, / 

NAK AN, NFK AH, thou, HL 

NApF AN, thou, f. 



he. 



NAq AN, ) NFq AN, \ 

n } NADF AN, ^ VNADF AN, he &she. 

NAC AN, \ NFT AN, ) V $he 

Plural. 

NAN AN, NFN AN, ?ve. 

NApFTFN AN, NFTFTN AN, ye. 

NAyAN AN, NApF AN, NFy AN, they. . 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



81 



The Perfect Tense Negative. 

Singular. 
Coptic. 
NETAl AN, /. 
NETAK AN, thou, m. 
NETApE AN, thou, f. 
NETAq AN, he. 
NETAC AN, she. 

Plural. 
NETAN AN, we. 
NETApETEN AN, ye. 
NETAY AN, NETA AN, they. 

The 1st Future Tense Negative. 

Singular. 
Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

N^NA AN, N+NA, NEINA AN, N+NE EN, /. 



NXNA AN, 


RrNA AN, 




thou, m. 


NTENA AN, 


NTENA AN, 




thou, f. 


NGNA AN, J 

„ ^ JNAOENA 

NCNA AN, J r 


W]NA AN, 
AN, 

NCNA AN, 

Plural. 


NqNA 


, EN, he. 
she. 


NTENNA AN, 


NTNNA AN, 




we. 


NTETENNA AN, 


NTETNNA AN, 




ye. 


NCENA AN, 


NCENA AN, 




they. 



11 



82 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



The 2nd Future Tense Negative. 
Singular. 



Coptic. 




Sahidic. 


nna, 




nna, /. 


NNFK, 




nnfk, thou, m. 


NNF, 




nnf, thou, f. 


NNFq, ) v 

v > NNF, 

NNFC, ) 




v\ nnf, ^ and she. 


■ 


PI 


ural. 


NNFN, 




NNFN, ##. 


NNFTFN, 




NNFTN, ^£. 


NNOy, 




NNFy, they. 



The 1st Present Tense Negative. 

59. The first Present Tense Negative and Participle 
are thus expressed NixGDOYN MmpcoMi an, / know not 
the man, Mat. XXVI, 72. Ayco NTNFipF AN ntmf, and 
we do not the truth, 1 John I, 8. Sah. NqcooyN AN, 
knoweth not, 1 John II, 11. Sah. 

The Prefixes of the present Tense also express the 
Participle present, but the Coptic and Bashmuric often 
add f to the Prefixes, as FNq&iAKpiNF an mttccdma, 
not discerning the body. 1 Cor. IX, 29. Sah. fnpnay an 
FBoA F npH, not seeing the sun, Acts XII, 11. Sah. fn- 
r i"FHna)H FN, / am not worthy, 1 Cor. XV, 9. Bash, fn- 
CFApiCKF FN M(fr1~, they please not God. 1 Thes. II, 15. 
Bashmuric. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 83 

The 2nd Present Tense Negative. 

60. The second Present Tense Negative is thus 
formed, NAqoywoy an MmoyAi moyAi mmon, he is not 
far from each one of us, Acts XVII, 27. NFK(fa)cyT rap 
AN Ego Npo)ME, for thou regardest not the face of men. 
Mat. XXII, 16. Sah. mttetf NEqupiNE FiMoq an, who 
condemneth not himself, Rom. XIV, 22. Sah. 

The Perfect Tense Negative. 

61. This Tense in the Coptic is thus presented to 
us. NET All PAp AN E0A£EM NtOMHt, / came not to call 
the just, Mark II, 17. oy rAp na)Hpi M(])pa)Mi NETAqi 
AN, for the son of man hath not come, Mark X, 45. 

The 1st Future Tense Negative. 

62. The following are specimens of the first Future 
Tense negative, NqNAXA evmoy an, he 'will not leave 
you, 1 Cor. X, 13. EpE npOOME NAO)N£ an e oeik 
FlHATE, man shall not live by bread alone, Mat. Ill, 4. 
Sah. NApE i*METOypo NTE §\ flAi AN, the kingdom of 
God will not come. Luke XVII, 20. NCENABoAq eboA AN, 
which shall not be thrown down. Mat. XXIV, 2. 

The 2nd Future Tense Negative. 

63. This future occurs without the an, as rrANAi 

&E NNAoAq eboA gApoq, my mercy I will not take from 

him. Ps. LXXX1X, 33. oyAi eboA NbuToy NNEqAoqAEq, 

one of them shall not be broken, Ps. XXXIV, 20. NNETEN- 

<))0£ emeo^T NlBAKi NTE TTTcA, ye shall not have gone over 

11* 



84 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

the cities of Israel, Mat. X, 23. When these Prefixes 
follow the Particles . xe, xekac, ^ottodc, &c, they ex- 
press the Subjunctive. 

It may perhaps be hardly necessary to observe that 
the Prefix is sometimes written en instead of n. 

The Negative Prefix M. 

64. The following form of this Prefix is only found 
in the Sahidic and Bashmuric Dialects, viz. 

The Present Tense. 

Singular. 
Sahidic. 
MEI, /. 

MEK, thou, m. 
MEpE, thou, f. 

^ > MEDE, he and she. 
MEC >j she. 

Plural. 
MEY, MEpE, they. 

The Imperfect Tense. 
NEMEq, he. 

The Perfect Tense. 
MAK, thou, m. 
MAq, he. 
E is found prefixed to this form as the sign of the 
Participle, as EMEq, emec, emey, &c. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



85 



The Negative Prefix MTTE. 
The Present Tense. 



Singular. 
Coptic. 
MTTAt, /. 
MTTAK, thou, m. 
MTTApE, thou, f. 



he. 



Plural. 
Coptic. 
MTTAN, we. 
MTTATETEN, ye. 
MTTAy, MTTApF, they. 



"'i MTTADE, he and she. 
MTTAC, she . 



The Perfect Tense. 
Singular. 



Coptic. 


Sahidic. 


Bashm 


uric. 


MTTl, 


FlTTEt, Fini, 




1. 


MTTEK, 


FIJTEK, 


EMTTEtf, 


thou, m. 


mtte, 


mtte, 




thou, f. 


Mneq, 

MTTEC, 


MnEq, Irtte, he. 
MnEC, (and she. 


EMnEq, 

EMnEC, 


he. 
she. 



Plural. 



MFFEN, MTTN, MTTEN, 

MTTETEN, FlTTETN, 

Mnoy, Finoy, mite, 



we. 
ye. 
EMTTOy, they. 



E before the m is a sign of the Participle. 



86 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



The Subjunctive. 

The Imperfect and Perfect Tenses. 

Singular. 

Coptic. 

ETEMm, /. 

ETEMTTEK, thou, m. 

ETEMTTE, thou, f. 

ETEMTTEq,) v he ' 

^ > ETEMTTE, he and she. 
ETEMrTEC,} she% 

Plural. 

ETEMTTEN, we. 
ETEM17ETEN, ye. 
ETEMTTOy, they. 

These Prefixes in Coptic correspond with NTEptTR 
in Sahidic. 



Coptic. 

Anat, 

MTTATEK, 

AnaTE, 
AnaTEq, ) 

HTTATEC, } 



The Negative Prefix M17ATE. 

The Indicative and Subjunctive. 

Singular. 

Sahidic. 

MJTA+, L 

FinaTK, thou, m. 



MTTaTE. 



MnaTE, //^, f. 



he. 



^MITATF, he & she. 
MHATC,) ^. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 87 

Plural. 
Coptic. Sahidic. 

MTTATEN, RlTATN, we. 

MTTATETEN, RTTATETN, ye. 

MTTATOy, MTTATE, RTTATOy, RTTATE, they. 

The Imperfect and Pluperfect Tenses. 

Singular. 

Coptic. Sahidic. 

ne mttaI" tte, ne Rtta+ ite, /. 

NE MI7ATEK TTE, NE RTTATK TTE, thou, m. 

NE MTTATE TTE, NE HTTATE TTE, ^0&, f. 

NE HTTATEq TTE, NE RTTATq TIE, &?. 

NE MTTATEC nE, NE RlTATC nE, she. 

&c. &c. 

The Negative Prefixes 0)TEM Copt, and TR Sah. 

Singular. 

Coptic. Sahidic. 

NTAU)TEM, NTATR, I. 

NTEKO)TEM, NPTR, thou, m. 

NTEOfTEM, NTETR, thou, f. 

NTEGCDTEM, ) v NCITR,) , ' , 

1 } NTECOTEM, n _ > NTETM, he & ,?^. 

NTECU)TEM, ) NCTM,} ^ 

Plural. 

NTENO)TEM, RTNTR, we. 

NTETENU^TEM, NTETNTR, ye. 

NTOy(0TEM, NCEO)TEM, NCETR, they. 



88 


Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 






The Subjunctive. 




The 


Imperfect and Pluperfect Tenses. 




Singular. 






Sahidic. 






NTEpElTM, /. 

rTTEpEKTM, thou, m. 

NTEpETH, thou, f. 
HTEpEqTM, he. 
HTEpECTM, she. 






Plural. 






NTEpoyTM, they. 






Conditional. 






Singular. 




Coptic. 


Sahidic. 


Bashmuric. 


AlO)TEM, EITM, /. 
AKO^TEM, EKTM, thou, m. 
ApEU)TEM, EpETM, thou, f. 

Aqu/TEM, \ eqTH) ^- 

>AOECOTEM, > EDETM, AAEOTEH he & £&?. 
ACU)TEM, J r ^ ECTM,\ r ^ ^ 




Plural. 




ANU)TEM, ENTM, 
ApETENO)TEM, ETETRTM, 
AyO)TEM, EyTM, 


me. 
ye. 
they. 


Another particle with this Prefix in 


the Sahidic is 


o^AN, if, as 


ElUlANTM, EKO)ANTM, etc. 





Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 89 

The Imperative. 

Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

MTTFp, MTTp, mttfA, 

mttfngpf, FinpTps, mttfAtpf. 

These take the Pronoun Suffixes, as MrrFNept, for 
which see the auxiliary verb epe, Coptic. TpF, Sahidic 
which are below. 



1 


rhe Infinitive. 




Coptic. 


Sahidic. 


Bashmuric. 


FO)TFM, 

and 


FTM, 

and 


FO)TM, 


FO)TeMeps, 


FTMTpF, 




F0)TFMF9pF, 


FTMFTpF. 




These like the above take the Pronoun Suffixes to 


tie verb epe, Coptic 


and TpF, Sahidic. 




The Auxiliary v( 


>rb GpF, TpF, Sah. 
Singular. 


to be, to do. 


Coptic. 


Sahidic. 


Bashmuric. 


epi, 


TpA, 


/. 


epEK, 


TpFK, 


thou, m. 


epp, 


TpF, 


thou, f. 

7 


6pEq ' | eps, 
epec, ) r 


TpFC, \ r 

Plural. 


he. 
he and she. 
she. 


epFN, 


TpFN, 


we. 


GpFTFTFN, epFTFN, 


TpETFTTT, TpFTN, 


ye. 


epoy, epp, 


TpFY ? TpF, 


Tpoy, they. 



12 



90 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

65. The Auxiliary is thus used nh ^e ETAyept- 
xcjdnt, and have made me angry , or have provoked ??ie. 
Num. XV, 23. Aqepo mmoc EX(J)E ncdik, causeth her to 
commit adultery. Matt. XIX, 9. AyTpE nxot 4CAI, they 
made the vessel that it should be lightened, or they ligh- 
tened the vessel. Acts XXVII, 38. Sahidic. ^NATpETETN- 
pTTMEEyE HNEqgBnyE, / will cause that you remember 
his 7vorks, I will remind you of his works, 1 John 10. 
Sah. mnnca TpABODK, after my departure. Acts XX, 29. 
Sahidic. TT(TC <j)viETepo nnai, the Lord who doeth these 
things, Acts XV, 17. EepoyNAy fepcooy nxe Nipamt, 
that men may see them, Matt. XXIII, 5. E9pETEN0)0) 
ETAi EntCToAw, that ye read this epistle, 1 Thes. V, 26. 

66. epe and Tpe are signs of the Subjunctive with 
E, or some sign of the Subjunctive before them, as 
EGpEKAiToy, that thou mayest do them, or to do them. 
Acts XXII, 10. EepEqo^com nio>t NoyMHaj neg- 
noc, that he might be the father of many nations, Rom. 
IV, 18. EepoycAXi NAgpAK, that they might speak be- 
fore thee, Acts XXIII, 30. £A1TC ON ETpANAy ETKEg- 
po)MH, it is necessary also that I should see Rome. Acts 

XIX, 21. Sah. NANOyC NAN ETpEN<f(JD MTTAl MA, it is 
good for us that we should remain here, or to remain here. 
Mark IX, 5. Sah. EepE niegnoc cgdtem etticaxi, that 
the gentiles should hear the word, Acts XV, 7. ETMTpEq- 
BO)K E£OyN, that he ?vould not go in, Acts XIX, 31. Sah. 
mnhca TpE TTEO)TOpTp Ao, after the tumult ceased, Acts 

XX, 1. Sah. ETpEy#ApE£ Epoq, to keep him, or that 
they should keep him. Acts XII, 4. Sah. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 91 

It will be seen that FepF and FTpF with the suf- 
fixes express also the infinitive. 

We may also observe that these auxiliaries, taking 
the Pronoun suffixes, often lose their distinctive signi- 
fication, which is absorbed by the following verb. 

The Auxiliary Verb Fp, p, Sah. FA, Bash, to be, to do. 

67. When the verb pp. p or fA, is joined to a noun, 
it is a verb, as oyoMNi, light; FpoycMNt, to enlighten or 
to make light; MFGpF, a witness; FpMFGpF, to bear 
witness. 

Fp is prefixed to verbs, and nouns used verbally, 
derived from the Greek, as NAyppACTTA^FCOF MMoq, 
they saluted him, Mark IX, 15. FyFpgFAmc FITFqpAN, 
they shall hope in his name, Mat. XII, 21. - — But p in Sah. 
is very seldom prefixed to words derived from the Greek. 

\, to give, is also an auxiliary, and is joined to 
a)oy, Copt. FOoy y . Sah. FAy, Bash, glory. 'fcDoy, i"FOoy, 
Sah. to give glory, to glorify, tot, Copt, toot, Sahidic. 
TAAT, Bash., the hand, 'j-TOT, 'j'TOOT, to give the hand, 
to help. MKA<3? sorrow, grief, ^MKA^, to give sorrow, to 
afflict. 

Of Irregular and defective Verbs. 

68. Of the verb ttf, to be, which is generally ac- 
companied with a personal Pronoun, as anok iff, I am. 
Psalm XLIX, 7. Htok m, thou art, Ezech. XXXVIII, 17. 
Neoq nu, he is, John XIII, 26. anon ttf ? we are, 1. John 

III ; 1. Sah. ntcotn 17F, ye are, Matt. V, 14. Sahidic. 

12* 



92 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

2ANKOyxt ttf, few are, Mat. XXII, 14. NAl rfF, these 
are, John XX, 18. tf is construed with feminine nouns 
in the same way, as TACApj tf,, John VI, 55. 

The Present Tense. 

Singular. 

Masc. Fern. 

TTF, / am, m. TF, / am, f. 

TTFj, thou art, f. TF, thou art, f. 

TTF, he or it is. TF, she or it is. 

Plural. 
we 

are. 




The Imperfect Tense. 
Sing, and Plural. 
NF TTFj, was or were, m. 
NF TF, #>#s or were, f. 
NFy, ^^r^. 

The Irregular Verb XF. XO, XO), or XOO, Sah. XA, Bash, to say. 

The Present Tense. 

Singular. 

Coptic. 

+XO) HHOC,) , 

•fsoc, \ ! Say - 

KXO) HMOC, thou sayest, m. 

Fqxco HMOC, ) „ 

1 v > FDFXO) HHOC, /fo or she says. 

SO) HMOC ; \ r 

Fcxco MMOC ; */*<? says. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 93 

Singular. 

Sahidic. 
'fxooc, / say. 

FKXO), thou sayest, m. 

xo) hmoc, ) _ he sa y s - 

_ > FOEXO) HMOC, he or she says. 

qxo) HMOC, ) r 

PCXO) MHOCj s^tf says. 

Plural. 

Coptic and Sahidic. 
TPNXO) mmoc, we say. 

TFTENXO) & TETFfXO) hhoc, ye say. 

eyx<D hmoc, ) _ 

\ they say. 
cexa) HHOC, ) 

The Imperfect Tense. 

Singular. 
Coptic. Sahidic. 

NAIXO) MMOC, NFIXO) MMOC, / did say. 

NAqxa) mmoc, NFqxo) mmoc, he did say. 

Plural. 
NAY^CD MMOC, Neyxco HMOC, they did say. 

The Perfect Tense. 

Singular. 
Coptic. Sahidic. 

AiXODTOy, TTEXAl, / have said. 

AKXOC, AIXOTOV, ) , 

V thou, m. 
Aqxoc, AKXOOC, ) 

AqXF, he. 

Aqxoc, i AqXAC, he. 

Acxoc, Aqxooc, ( Axooc, he or she. 

ACXOOC, he and she. 



94 





Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 


Coptic. 


Plural. 

Sahidic. 


ApFTPNXO) MMOC, ye. 


TTEXODOY MMOC 


:, they. AY^ooc, they. 


Ay^oc, 




* 


The Future Tense. 


Coptic. 


Singular. 

Sahidic. 


EKEXOC, 


FKEXOOC. thou shaft, etc. 


EqNAXOC, 


qNAXooc, ) 
eqNAxooY?) 




Plural. 



TPNNAXE,, we. TFNAXOC, we. 

EYHXODOY? they. CSNAXOOY, they. 

The Imperative Mood. 
Coptic. Sahidic. 

AXOC, AX1C, say. 

The Infinitive. 

Coptic. Sahidic. 

AXOq, AXIC, to say. 

The Perfect Tense. 

Singular. 

Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

nexm, nexAi, ttfxhi, / said. 

TTEXAK, TTFXAK, thou, m. 

nexAq, ) nexAq, ( rrexe, npxpq, he. 

ttbxac, ( ' nexAc ; ^ and */*<?. nexec, she. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 95 

Plural. 

Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. 

nexAN, we. 

ttfxodtfn, ye. 

rrFXAy. ttfxf, ttfxay, itfxf, ttfxfy, they. 

69. oyoN. and oyH, Sah. oyAN, Bash, are used 
for the verb to have or to be, and mmon, mn^ Sah. 
not to have, or to be. But when they take the Personal 
Suffixes after them, they always represent the verb to 
have, with MMAy, which is very often added. 

Singular. 

Coptic. Sahidic. 

oyoNTm, oyoN^, oyRTAi, oyH't, I. 

OyONTAK, OyONTFK. oyHTAK, oyHTK, thou, m. 

oyowTF, oyHTF, thou, f. 

oyoNTAq, oyoNTFq, oyHTAq, oyTrrq, he. 

OyONTAC, OyANTFC, OyNTAC ; OyHTC. she. 

Plural. 

OyONTAN, OyONTFN,, OyHTAN, We. 
OyONTFTFN, OyONTO)TFN ? OyHTETN, OyHTHTH, ye. 

oyoNToy, oyoNToaoy, oyRTAy, oyRTey, they. 

Singular. 
Bashmuric. 
OyANTHl^ /. 

OyANTHq, oyANTFq, he. 
oyANTHC, she. 

Plural. 

OyANTHN, we. 
oyANTHOy, they. 



96 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 

The Participle is formed by adding f, as FoyoNTFK, 
thou having. The above are also written oyoNNTHi, 
oyonntak, oyoNNTAq, etc. 

The Negative not to have, is thus expressed, 
and generally with MMAy. 

The Present Tense. 





Singular. 




Coptic. 


Sahidic. 


Bashmuric. 


MMONTHt, MMON'J-. 


MMN'h Vfi\\, 


MFNTHl, / 


MMONTFK, 


MMNTK, mntk, 


thou, m 


MMONTF, 


MNTF, 


thou, f. 



MMONTFq, MMONTAq, MMNTAq, MNTq, MFNTHUj, he. 
MMONTFC, MMONTAC, MMNTAC, MFlTC, she, 

Plural. 

MMONTFN, MMONTAN, MNTAN, MFNTHN, We. 

MMONTFTFN, MMONTCDTFN, MNTHTN, ye, 

MMONTOy, HMONTGDOy, MNTAy, MNTOy, MFNTFy, they. 

The Imperfect Tense. 
Coptic. Sahidic. 

NF MMONTFq TTF, he. NF MNTK, thou, m. 

NF HMONTOy TTF, they. NF MtTTCj, he. 

NF MNTC, she. 

These are sometimes written mmon n+ or nthi, 

MMONNTAN, HMONNTODTFN^ etc. 



Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 97 

Of Verbs Passive. 

70. To what has been said of verbs Passive under 
Chap. V, we may add the following. 

Verbs active are made passive by changing the 
vowels of the root, as kco, to put, kh, to be put, Sah. 
MOyp, to bind, MHp, to be bound, CAg, to write, CH£, 
to be written, Sah. TO) 3, to mix, Tug, to be mixed, Sah. 
O)0)q, to lay waste, a)Hq, to be laid waste, Sah. 

Verbs active ending in and in the passive in 
Hoyr, Copt, and in Hy in Sah. as taAo,, to put on, 
TAAuoyT, Copt. taAhy, Sah. to be put on, etc. 

71. The Participles are formed by adding ft, as 

FTTAKHOyT, from TAKO, and FTTAKTHOyT. from TAKTO ; 

and sometimes by suffixing r also to the end as ft- 
cgoyopT, from cgoyp, Sah. 

Of Suffixes to Verbs. 

The following are the Pronoun Suffixes to Verbs. 

Singular. 
Coptic. Sahidic. 

1 or T, 1 or t, me. 

K, k or r, thee, m. 

+, 1, TF or F. thee, f. 

q, q, him. 

c, c, her. 

Plural. 

N ? TFH, N, TN, US. 

TFN, TTT, you. 

oy, oy, them. 

13 



9S Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 



The first Person singular. 

72. The i is suffixed to verbs ending in o, as ma- 
Toyxoi, deliver me, Ps. CXXXIX, 1. £A (j)HFTAqTAoyot, 
to him that sent me, John VII, 33. The T is suffixed to 
other verbs as, oyo£ TFTFNNAXFMT AH, and ye shall 
not find me, John YII, 36. FKFNA£MFT, thou shall save 
me, Ps. XLII, 1. 

The second Person singular. 

73. TTFXF ThU NAq tcdnk, Jesus said unto him rise, 
John Y, 8. HKAAK FBoA, to release thee, John XIX, 10. 
Sah. TODoyNP TTFTpF, rise Peter, Acts X, 13. Sah. Fq- 
xodRmoc XFTcnoyNr, saying arise, Acts X, 26. Sahidic. 
oyog CFHAqii" fboA, Copt. Aya) CFNAqiTF fboA, Sah. and 
shall carry thee out, f. Acts V, 9. TTFKNAel" riFTAqNA£Mi, 
thy faith hath saved thee, f. Mat. IX, 22. ^XAoy TcnoyNi, 
maid arise, f. Luke VIII, 54. 

The first Person plural. 

74. aAAa NA£MFN fboA#a ninFT^cooy,, hit deliver 
us from evil, Mat. VI, 13. qNATAMON F£0)BNlM, he ?vill 
show us all things, John IV, 25. Sah. AK(j)ACTFN M^pH^- 
MTTigAT, thou hast tried us as silver, Psalm LXYI, 10. 
EO)XF A TTNOyTF MFNpFTN, if God hath loved us, 1. John 
IV, 11. Sahidic. 



Chap. VII. Adverbs. Conjunctions. 99 

The second Person plural. 

75. FqFTAMODTFN, he shall make known unto you, 
John XVI, 13. AqMFpiTN, hath loved us, Rom VIII. 37. 
Sahidic. 

The third Person plural. 

76. AqTAMCJDOy FNSqxtx, he showed them his hands, 
John XX, 20. FhoeBoy, Copt, F£OTBoy ? Sahidic. to kill 
them, Dent. IX, 28. XFKAC FqFXiToy FyMHp, that he 
might lead them bound, Acts IX, 21. Sail. 

Of Adverbs. 

77. A few adverbs are formed from nouns by pre- 
fixing the letter f to them, with the article, as Fgooy, 
a day, Sah. Fngooy, daily, FcfAHOy, in vain. 

But most often adverbs are formed thus bzn oy- 
CODoyTFN; oyOwg, rightly, Luke XX, 21. fc>FN oyMFGMHi, 
truly, Luke XX, 21. 

The other adverbs will be easily discovered in the 
course of reading. 

Of the Conjunction XF. 

78. The conjunction xf frequently answers to the 

word quod, and generally follows the verbs of seeing, 

hearing, saying, and declaring; as oyo£ AqNAy Fnoy- 

0)!ni xf NANFq, and he saw the light that it was good. 

Gen. I, 4. xf ecooy tf ^MFToypo ntf NKJmoyi, for 

theirs is the kingdom of heave i, Mat. V, 3. 

13* 



100 Chap. VII. Prepositions. 

It is often united with prepositions, as egbf xf, 
FBhA XF, F(j)MA xf. etc. 

Of Prepositions. 

79. 1) Prepositions abound in the Egj^ptian Lan- 
guage, two or more of them being frequently united in 
composition ; as FboyN f, FgoyN F, Sah. in; pbpm fxfn, 
above; FBoAfc>FN, FBoA £n ? Sah. out of; Nbpm k>FN. in; 
CA TTFCHT, £t tifcht, and F TTFCHT, beneath, under. The 
Preposition f is frequently found united with others : as 
FboyN F, in, into; F^pm F, to, towards; o)A F£pm F, to etc. 

2) Prepositions are sometimes prefixed to Substan- 
tives, which then have the force of Prepositions only, 
as has been already shown, as £Apo, to; gApoi, to me; 
from gA, to and po, the mouth; F£pA r to, before; from 
F to, and gpA, the face; etc 

3) The Prepositions are also used in composition 
with verbs, to express the idea conveyed by the verb 
and preposition when separated; as o)F. enujan, to ascend; 
from a)F, to go, and Fntycm, above; xfitfcht, to descend; 
from i to go, and ffjfcht, beneath; a)F FboyN, to enter; 
from o^F; to go, and FboyN, in. 

4) The preposition fboA. very often occurs in con- 
nection with verbs; as qiFBoA, to bear, to carry out; 
XA FBoA, to remit; coup FBoA, to disperse; (fcDprr FBoA, 
to reveal, &c. 

5) The Preposition fboA is used with nouns in the 
same way, as 0)hA fboA, a paralytic; xoyurr FBoA, ex- 
pectation; xa)p FBoA, a dispersion; BO)A FBoA, a dissolu- 



Chap. VII. Prepositions. 101 

Hon; &c. It is also used with the same words when 
used verbally. 

6) A considerable number of Prepositions take the 
Pronoun suffixes, as ato^nf, Copt. ?vithout, AT(fNoyt, 
without me, AT()NOyK, without thee, m., F9BF, Copt., ftbf, 
Sah. of or concerning, F9BHT, Copt, ftbhht, Sah. con- 
cerning me; FGBHTq, Copt. FTBHHTq. Sah. concealing him; 
&c. nfm> Copt, nm, Sah. faith, nfmhi. Copt, nmmai, Sah. 
gwtft »?#; NFMAK, Coptic, nmmak, Sah. with thee; m. 
NA^pFN, Coptic. NA^pN,, Sahidic. with, before. NAgpai, 
with me, &c. 

7) The following list of Prepositions is given, as 
they very frequently occur in Coptic, Sahidic and Bash- 
muric. 



Coptic. 
AT6NF, without. 
FBoA, from, out of 
FBoAt>FN, from, oul of 
FBoAoyTF, before. 
fboA^a, from. 
FBoA<nTFN, from, out of 
FBoAgiTOT, from. 
FBoAgiorr, from. 
FBoAgiXFN, of, from. 
FMHp, beyond, over. 
F17FCHT, beneath, under. 
FCKFN, by, near. 
Fy, in, to. 
FboyN, in, within. 



Sahidic. 
A*H, without. 
FBoA, from, out of. 

FBoAeR, I 

} from, out of. 
FBOA^N, \ 

FBoA^lTM, ) 

. _ > of from. 
FBOA^ITH, \ 

FBoAgiTOOT, from. 

FBoA^lXM, ) 

^ -\of> fom. 

FBOA^ISN, J 
Fy, in, to. 
F^oyN, in, within. 
F£pAl, in, to. 
F^pAl FXM, to. 

FepAt £M, of, from. 



102 Chap. VII. 

Coptic. 
F^pvu, in, to. 

Fbpm,h 

VEXFN, in, above, upon. 

Eepm, ) 

£<?pni 6 A ) upon. 
FXEN, upon, above. 
txo), above. 
ICXEN, fro?n. 
MENENCA, after. 
MTTEM90, fo/W'tf. 
NA£pA, fo/tfm 
NEM, I8>«& 

NoyEojEN, without. 
NCA, after. 
NTFN, /h?/W. 
Nfc>HT, t». 

NboyN, within. 
wbpm, w». 
oyBE, against. 
oyTE, between. 
<J)Agoy, #/&?% behind. 
U}A, fo. 
bA, towards. 
bAGOyo, ##/< fo. 
bApAT, w#*fer. 
bApo, of, from. 
t>ATEN, TMJ^ to. 
fc>ATOT, fl^ &, /0. 
bATgn, before. 



Prepositions. 

Sahidic. 
MNNCA, after. 
MTTHTO, 
FinFlTO EBoA 
FlTTKCDTF, about. 

NAepn,) ^ 

NA£pN,\ 

NFl, with. 

v within. 
CA^oyN, J 

H£HT, 01. 

nA£oy, behind. 

£Apo, 0/, /frw*. 

CATH, i 

£ATN, J 



before. 



in. 



CM, 

£ipH, before. 



before. 



Chap. VII. Prepositions. Conjunctions. Interjections. 103 
Coptic. 
fc>AXEN, 



SEN J 



. before. 

£>AXO), 

fc>EN, VI. 

fc>ENT, near to. 

ea, to. 

glMHp, beyond. 
£ipEN, before. 
glTEN, #y, />w#. 
gtCJDT, /rtf/ft, 6»/: 

glXEN, upon, in. 

glXO), 2#?0tf, ?>?. 

Of Conjunctions. 

80. 8) The conjunction oyog, and, is frequently 
omitted in composition, as oyog AyoyooM THpoy Ayci, 
and they all ate (and) were satisfied. Mat. XV, 37. Copt. 
oyog ic £ANArrEAoc A yi Ayo)EMO)i HHoq, and be- 
hold angels came, (and) ministered to him, Mat. IV, 1 1 . Copt. 

9) The Conjunction ke, #ft^, #&#, is placed between 
the article and the noun; as NTENgtoyi Mnoy ke NA£- 
BEq EBoA glXCDN, $dtf ^^ #J#y tftfs^ away also their yoke 
from ns. Ps. II. 2. Mm KE 10)T ETAqTAoyoq, rffo Father 
also, who hath sent him. 

Of Interjections. 

81. The principal interjections in Egyptian are \c, 
or gHnTTE iq, Copt, gHHTE tc. Sah. behold! oyot, #fe/ 
woe to: and d), #/*/ 



104 Chap. VIIL Of the Formation of words. 

CHAR VIIL 

Of the Formation of words. 

82. In treating of the formation of Egyptian words 
it is by no means intended to enter upon the contro- 
versy, whether nouns or verbs were the original words 
in language, but to give a simple statement of what the 
Egyptian presents to us. 

83. Primitive words were no doubt short, and ge- 
nerally of one syllable, as pH, the sun; (j)F. heaven ; xco, 
the lead; fc>pF, food; &c. 

84. Compound words are formed by uniting two or 
more words, as qTF(|)AT, a quadruped, from q*re, four 
and <j)AT, a foot; oycoMN^HT, to repent, from oyo)M, 
to consume, and gHT, the heart, &c. MAlNOyTE, religious, 
from MAt, loving, MoyTF, God, Sah. 

Some words are composed of ma, Copt., Sah. and 
Bash., a place, and n, the sign of the genitive, united 
with other words, as manmoni, a pastwe, a place to feed; 
from HA, and moni, to feed, MAN())a)T ? a refuge, a place 
to flee to; from MA, and <|)a)T, a flight. MANU)a)TTt, a 
habitation ;. from MA, and a)0)TTi, to dwell. MANi~£ATT, a 
tribunal; from ma, and \, to give, and £ATT, judgment. 

Some words are composed of me or mai, loving, 
united with other words, as MAi£AT, covetous; from mai, 
and £AT. silver, MAlTAlO. ambitious; from mai, and TAio, 
honour. 



Chap. VIII. Of the Formation of words. 105 

met or mfg, Copt, and mnt. Sah. are often pre- 
fixed to nouns and also to words derived from the Greek; 
as MFToypo, a kingdom; from MFT and oypo, a king; 
MFTMATOi, an armij ; from MFT and MATOl, a soldier; 
MNTMNTpF, a testimony; from mnt and MtrrpF, a wit- 
ness; Sah. &c. 

The word pFM, Copt, and pR, Sah. Afm. Bash, a 
native, an inhabitant, or belonging to, and the sign of the 
genitive prefixed to nouns; as pEMNM, a domestic; from 
pFM and m, a house; pFMM(j)F, heavenly; from pFM and 
<})F, heaven; pFMNXHMt, an Egyptian; pFMTApcoc, a 
native of Tarsus. 

pFq, Copt, and Sah. Apq, Bash, added to verbs 
form compound nouns, as pFqNAy, an inspector, from 
NAy, *° see - P^q^M^F, Sah. a minister, from o)Ru)F, 
to minister, AFq+gFTT, Bash, a judge; from ^ATT, to judge. 

CA, Copt, and Sah. an artificer, is used in the form- 
ation of some words, as CAN(nm, a maker or seller 
of purple ; from 6}\X\ , purple, canohk, a baker; from 
0)iK, bread. CANgOMNT ? Sah. an artificer in brass; from 
gOMNT, brass. 

xin, Copt, and Bash. (Tin, Sah. prefixed to verbs 

often denote the presence of the action, so that they 

then correspond with the infinite of the Greek, with the 

article; as xinmou^i, Copt. <mnmooo)F, Sah. the action of 

going, %o go. With these prefixes verbs are frequently 

used as nouns; as xinxcJx), possession, from "&§o, to possess. 

xiN(ToBi". a preparation, from <foBi~, to prepare. 

u)oy. Copt, and Sah. when prefixed to verbs "serves 

14 



100 Part IV. Of the Dialects. 

to indicate" Quatremere says, "that a thing merits to 
be done, — that it ought to be done." It consequently 
expresses nwthiness ; as gooc £ANO)oyMFNpiToy nf 
NFKMANO^odtti, How worthy to be loved are thy tabernacles. 
Ps. LXXXIII, 1. from MFNpiT, beloved. 

gA, Copt., Sah. and Bash, appears to express a 
person, master or chief; as gAFTo^F, Sah. a centurion, or 
chief of a hundred men, from o)F, a hundred. gARu^F, 
Sah. a carpenter, an artificer in wood. &c. 

AT or AG, Copt., Sah. and Bash, which is a nega- 
tive prefix to nouns. 

Aa, Copt, much, greatly, as AaxaA, very shady. 

Some nouns are formed from verbs by adding a 
Letter at the end, as cgoyopT, a curse, from cgoyop, 
to curse. pAbT, a fuller; from pAt>, to wash; XApoq, 
silence; from XApa), to silence. 

Part IV. 

Of the Dialects. 

1. We know very little of the ancient Language of 
Egypt, and nearly all the remains of it we now possess, 
have been transmitted to us through the medium of the 
Coptic, Sahidic and Bashmuric Dialects. The Coptic 
Dialect was spoken in Lower Egypt, of which Memphis 
was the capital, hence it has been called with great 
propriety the Memphitic Dialect. The Sahidic derived 
its name from the Arabic word juuuo or JoouoJI, the 
Upper or Superior; and was the Dialect of Upper Egypt, 



Part IV. Of the Dialects. 107 

of which Thebes was the capital; it has therefore been 
called the Thebaic. It is impossible to say which of 
these two dialects was the more ancient. Georgius, Val- 
perga, Munter, and others have decided in favour of the 
Coptic ; and Macrizy, Renaudotius, Lacroze, and Jablonsky, 
with much more appearance of reason, have contended 
for the Sahidic. Still, however, the question must be very 
much left to conjecture, as we have not at present suf- 
ficient evidence to enable us to decide. Besides these 
two dialects, which have long been known, there is a 
third, which was spoken in Baschmour, a Province 
of the Delta. 

The existence of three Dialects in Egypt has been 
so satisfactorily proved by Quatremere, Engelbreth and 
other writers, and so fully confirmed by the Bashmouric 
Fragments which have been discovered and published, 
that no more need be added to establish the fact. 
If however any doubt should remain on the mind of any 
one, the following quotation from a Manuscript work 
of Athanasius, a Prelate of the Coptic Church, who was 
Bishop of Kous, will entirely remove it.* "The Coptic 
Language," says he, "is divided into three dialects, the 
Coptic dialect of Misr, the Bahiric, and the Bashmuric: 
these different dialects are derived from the same lan- 
guage" 

The introduction of Greek words into the Egyptian 
language commenced, no doubt, from the time of the 



* Coptic MS. Royal Library Paris, quoted by Quatremere. 

14* 



108 Part IV. Of the Dialects. 

Macedonian conquest, which the introduction of Chris- 
tianity tended to confirm and extend. The Christian 
Religion contained so many new ideas, that new words 
would be found necessary to express them. These words 
the Greek Language would readily supply, having been 
previously used by the Apostles of Christ, for a similar 
object: and it is probable that the Egyptians adopted 
the terms required, from the Greek writings of the 
Apostles. But we find in the Coptic and Sahidic Ver- 
sions of the Scriptures, that the Translators often used 
Greek words in the Translation when they possessed 
Egyptian words, which fully expressed the same idea, 
which proves that the Greek and Egyptian Language 
were both extensively used at that period. 

The Cloptic Dialect. 

2. The Coptic,*) or as it has been called the Bahi- 
ric, but more properly the Memphitic, was the Dialect 
of Lower Egypt, the "ll^D Mizur of the Scriptures. 
This Dialect is more free from Greek than the Sahidic. 

Manuscripts exist in Coptic of nearly the whole of 
the Sacred Scriptures, of which the Pentateuch, the 
Book of Job, the Psalms, the Major and Minor Prophets, 
and the New Testament, with translations, have been pub- 
lished. Liturgies also of the Coptic Church exist in 
MSS. and the works of some of the early Fathers, the 



*) The word Coptic was evidently derived from the word PyTTTC 
as pronounced by the Egyptians. 



Part IV. Of the Dialects. 109 

Acts of the Council of Nice, and also the lives of a 
considerable number of Saints and Martyrs. 

The Sahidic Dialect. 

3. The Sahidic, or more correctly the Thebaic Dia- 
lect, was spoken in Upper Egypt. As has been hinted 
before, it has adopted a greater number of Greek words 
than the Coptic. The vowels in this dialect are more 
frequently expressed by lines above the consonants than 
in the Coptic or Bashmouric; as mnncA, after, Sahidic. 
mfnfnca, Copt. FinMTO, Sah. before, mttemto, Copt. 

Fragments of nearly every part of the Old and New 
Testament exist in Sahidic, but only fragments of the 
New Testament have as yet been published, and frag- 
ments of some of the Lives of Saints and Martyrs. 

The Bashmouric Dialect. 

4. The Bashmouric Dialect was spoken in Bash- 
mour, a Province of the Delta, and agrees in some 
respects with the Coptic, and in others more nearly re- 
sembles the Sahidic. 

The inhabitants of the Delta w r ere described by 
ancient writers* as wild beasts, leading a wandering life, 
and living by robbery and plunder, whom the Persians, 
Greeks and Romans could hardly subdue. This will 
account in a great measure for the Bashmouric being 
more rude than the Sahidic. 

A few Fragments only of this Dialect exist, and 
have been published. 

* Tlmcydid. 1. I. c. 110. and Diod. Sicul. 1. II. e. 77. 



110 Chap. VIII. Praxis. 

Praxis. 
Of the first Chapter of St. John's Gospel. 

1. fc>FN TApXH NF TTCAXl TTF OyOg TTICAXI NAqXH 

fc>ATFN ())+ oyog nf oyNoyi- ttf mcAxt. 

7/2 the beginning was the Word, and the Word was 
with God, and God was the Word. 

fc>FN ? prepos. TApXH, noun f. with t the defin. art. 
f. prefixed nf — rrF, verb, irreg. imper. 3 pers. sing. 
ttcaxi, noun m. with rr the defin. art. m. prefixed, oyog 
conjunct. NAqXH verb indie, imper. 3. pers. sing, from 
XH. fc>ATFN, prepos. §*\ noun sing. m. oyNoyh noun 
masc. sing, with oy indef. art. prefixed. 

2. <])Al FNAqXH ICXFN £H fc>ATFN §\. 

This was from the beginning tvith God. 

(j)Ai, pron. demonstr. sing. m. FNAqXH. verb, imperf. 
(see above) with f pron. rel. icxfn, prepos. #h, noun 
sing. 

3. 2odbnib£n Ayo^com FBoA^iTOTq oyog AT6~Noq 
mitf eAi <j)a>ni fc>FN 4>hft Aqgjami. 

Alt things were made by him, and without him was 
not anything made, among that which ?vas made. 

£0)BNtBFN, compound adject, from £0)B and NtBFN.. 
Aya^omi, verb, perfect 3. pers. plur. from oicum. fboA- 
£iTOTq, prepos. with q the pron. suff. 3. pers. sing. 
AT(fNoq, prepos. with q pron. suff. mitf, neg. pref. 
3. pers. m. to verb. a)a)m, gAt, adject, neut. (])hft, 
pron. demonst. and relat. sing. Aqo^coni. verb. perf. 
3. pers. sing, see above. 



Chap. VIII. Praxis. Ill 

4. nf uconh ttf ftf Nkwq oyo£ TJOdnh nF (})oy- 

(JDlNt NNipODMl 17F. 

7^ /ft'#2 ?##.? life, and the life was the light of men. 

no)Nb, noun sing, with n, the defin. artic. m. pref. 
ftf, pron. relat. sing. Nfc>HTq, prep, with q suff. nf... 
ttf, verb, irreg. imperf. 3. pers. sing. (^oycoiNi, noun 
sing, with (j> def. art. m. pref. NNipami, noun pi. with 
n sign of gen. and ni def. art. plur. m. prefixed. 

5. oyog moycMNi AqFpoyanNi bzn ttixaki oyog 
mttf tuxaki c^TAeoq. 

And the light shined in the darkness, and the dark- 
ness did not comprehend it. 

AqFpoyanNi, verb, perf. 3. pers. sing, from oycoiNi 
with Fp prefixed. mXAKi, noun sing, with m def. art. 
m. sing. pref. a)TA£Oq, verb perf. 3. pers. sing, with 
mttf, (see above) and a) intensive prefixed, and q suff. 
from TA£0. 

6. Aqgoorrt nxf oypami FAyoyopnq fboA^itfn 
§\ fenFqpAN np kdannhc. 

There was a man who was sent by God, whose name 
was John. 

nxf, a sign of the nominative. oypcoMi, noun sing, 
m. with oy indef. art. sing, prefixed, f, pron. relat. sing. 
Ayoyopnq, verb. perf. 3. pers. plur. for the pass. sing, 
(see pass, v.) and q 3. pers. sing. suff. fboA^itfn, prep. 
FTTFqpAN, F rel. pron. TTFq, his m. pAN, noun sing. m. 
ttf, verb irreg. imperf. 

7. <j)Al Aqi FYMFTMFBpF £INA NTFqFpMFGpF h\ 
TTlOyODlNl glNA NTF OyONNlBFN UA&\ FBOi\£lTOTq. 



112 Chap. VIII. Praxis. 

This (man) came for a witness, that he might witness 
to the light, that every one might believe through him. 

Aqi, verb perf. 3. pers. sing, from i FyMFTMFGpF, 
noun sing, with Fy f° r £°Y> F prepos. oy, indef. art. 
contract, into Fy. giNA, conjunct. NTFqFpMFGpF. verb, 
subjunct. 3. pers. sing, from MFGpF with Fp prefixed. 
ba, prepos. oyoNNiBFNj adj. ntf NAgi", verb subjunct. 
3. pers. sing. 

8. NF NGOq AN TTF moyCDINI aAAA gtNA NTFqFp- 

MFepF t>A nioyoaiNi. 

He was not the light, but that he ?night witness to 
the light. 

NGoq, pron. 3. pers. m. an, adv. aAAa. conj. 

9. NA(|0)OTT NXF niOyCJDINI NTA<j>MHl (])HFT FpOy- 
OHNl FpODMl NIBFN FGNHOy FTTIKOCMOC. 

He was the true light, which enlightenelh cve?~y man 
who cometh into the world. 

NAqa)on, verb imperf. 3. pers. sing, from o^orr. 
nta^mhi, adject, sing, with n, prefixed forming the 
adjective. Fpont, noun sing, with f prep, nibfn, adj. 
FGNHOy, verb. pres. 3. pers. sing, with fq pron. relat 
from Nwoy. fttikocmoc, noun sing, with f prep, and 
m ? defin. art. prefixed. 

10. NAqXH fc>FN TT1KOCMOC nF OyO£ TTIKOCMOC 

Aqo^oDni FBoi\giTOTq oyo# mttf ttikocmoc coyooNq. 

He was in the world, and the world was made by Him> 
and the ?vorld knew Him not. 

HrrF...coya)Nq, verb, with neg. and q suffix. 



Chap. VIII. Praxis. 113 

11. Aqi £A NFTFNoyq oyo£ NFTFNoyq Mnoy- 
a)onq Fpcooy. 

He came to his own, and his own received him not 
to them, 

£A, prep. NFTFNoyq, adj. plur. with q suff. Mrroy- 
cyonq, verb. neg. with q suff. 3. pers. plur, Fpcooy, Dat. 
pron. plur. 

12. nh &f ft Ayajonq Fpoooy Aq+ Fpujto^i Ncooy 

FFp (ywpt NNOy+ NHFO NAg+ FTTFqpAN. 

But those who received him to them, he gave them 
power to become sons of God, (to) those who hetieve in 
his name. 

nh, pron. demon, plur &f, conj. ft, pron. rel. pi. 
Ayajonq, verb. perf. 3. pers. pi. Aqi - , verb. perf. 3. pers. 
sing, from \. Fpu}i<J)i? noun sing. masc. Noooy, pron. 
dat. FFp, verb, infin. with f pref. the sign of the infin. 
o)upi, noun plur. 

13. NHFTF FB0M3FN CNOq AN NF Oy&F FBoA^FN 
<J)OyO)(9 NCAp£ AN NF Oy&F FBOAbFN (J)OyO)U} NpCDMl 
AN NF aAAa FT AyMACOy FBOAfc>FN §\. 

Those ivho were not of bloody neither of the will of 
flesh, nor of the will of man, but who were born of God. 

CNoq. noun sing, m. an. adv. negat. oy&F, conj. 
NCAp£, noun sing. m. with n sign of gen. AyMACoy, 
verb perf. 3. pers. plur. with oy, plur. suff. from mac. 

14. oyog mcAxi AqFp oycApj oyo£ Aqcyomi 
Nbpm NkmTFN oyo# ANNAy FTTFqcboy M(J)p>rt Mrrcboy 

NOyO^Hpi HMAyATq NTOTq MTTFqiCDT FqMF£ N£MOT 

NFH MF9MHI. 

15 



114 Chap. VIII. Praxis. 

And the rvord was made flesh, and dwelt among us, 
and we saw his gloi-y, as the glory of the only son of his 
Father, full of grace and truth. 

AqFp, verb perf. 3. pers. sing, from Fp. fabpm 
fabHTFN, 2 prepos. the last fn suff. annay, verb perf. 
1. pers. plur. from nay- FTTFqcboY? noun sing. m. with 
F sign of ace. and TTFq, pref. M^pHf, adv. faoY^npi, 
noun m. sing, with fa sign of gen. and oy indef. art. 
prefixed. MMAYATq, adj. sing. faTOTq, pron. partic. gen. 
from tot, see pronouns. MTTFqiooT, noun sing, with m 
sign of gen. and TTFq prefixed. FqMFg, verb present or 
part. 3. pers. sing, n^mot, noun sing. m. with fa sign 
of gen. nfm, conj. mfgmhi, noun sing. f. 

15. UDANNHC FqFpMFGpF FGBHTq OYO£ FqCDO) 
FBoA FqXODMMOC, XF <J)Al TTF (j)HFT AlXOq XE <j)HF9 
NHOY MFNFNCCM AqFpcyopTT FpOl XF NF OY^Opn FpOl 

pco tif. 

John witnesseth concerning him, and c?ieth out, say- 
ing, that this is he of whom I spake, he who co??ieth after 
me hath been before me, for he was before me. 

FGBHTq , prepos. with q suff. Fqcoo) fboA, verb 
pres. 3. pers. sing, with fboA, prepos. joined. FqxcoMMOc, 
particip. from aa), and mmoc particle postfixed. xf, 
conjunct, but often expletive. Aixoq, verb perfect. 1. pers. 
sing, with q suffixed, mfnfncom, prepos. with 1. pers. 
sing, suffixed. AqFpcyopn, verb perf. 3. pers. sing, from 
Fp and (yopn, Fpoi, particle used for pronoun. 1. pers. 
sing, po, he, the same. 



Chap. VIII. Praxis. 115 

16. XF ANON THpFN AN<H FBOAfc>FN JTFqMO£ NFM 
Oy^MOT NTO>FBltt) NOygMOT. 

Because we all have received out of his fulness, and 
grace for grace. 

anon, pron. plur. 1. pers. THpFN, adject, with fn, 
1. pers. plur. suffixed. an(h, verb perf. 1. pers. plur. 
from (fi. riFqMOg, noun sing. m. with neq prefixed. 
oygMOT, noun sing, with oy indefin. artic. prefixed. 
NTO)FBid), prepos.: from u^fbio), with t the art. f. and 
n prefixed. 

17. xe niNOHOc AyTmq fboA^itfn Ma>ycHC 

TU^MOT &F NFM +MFGMHI Aya^CDTTt FBoAglTFN IHC TTXC. 

For the law was given by Moses, but the grace and 
the truth were by Jesus Christ. 

ttinomoc, noun sing, with m defin. art. m. AyTHiq, 
verb perf. 3. pers. plur. with q suff. i"MF9MHt ; noun 
sing, with +, defin. art. f. 

18. (jr|- HnF zK\ NAy Fpoq fnf# rriMONorFNHc 

NNOyi" (j)HFT XH £>FN KFNq MrTFqiODT Neoq TTFT 
AqCAXI. 

Not any one hath ever seen God; the only begotten 
of God, he who is in the bosom of his Father, he hath de- 
clared him. 

AnF.. NAy, verb 3. pers. sing, negat. prefixed. 
fnf#, adv. KFNq, noun sing, with q suffixed. Neoq, 
pron. 3. pers. sing. nFT, pron. relat, AqcAXi, verb perf. 
3. pers. sing. 

19. OyO£ 8At TF -f-MFTMFepF NTF ICJDANNHC 

eoTF ft Ayoyoopn £Apoq NXF NUOy&At FB0At>FN 

15* 



116 Chap. VIII. Praxis. 

iAhM N£ANOyUB NFM gANAFyiTHC 2 lNA NT0yO)FNq 
XF N0OK NIM. 

J?^ /#& is the testimony of John, ?vhen the Jews, who 
sent to him from Jerusalem Priests and Levites that they 
might ask him, ?vho art thou? 

OAt, pron.def. fern. sing. tf ? verb, irreg. pres. 3. pers. 
sing. fem. ntf, sign of gen. gOTF, adv. £Apoq, prep, 
joined with poq, a particle representing the pronoun. 
Ntioy&At, noun with ni defin. art. plur. prefixed. n#an- 
oynB, noun plur. with n gen. and gAN, indef. art. pi. 
prefixed. NToyu^FNq. verb subjunct. 3. pers. plur. with 
q suffixed. Neon, pron. 2. pers. sing, nim, pron. sing. 

20. oyog Aqoya)N£ MnFqxooA fboA oyo£ Aqoyo)N£ 

XF ANOK AN nF TTXC. 

And he confessed and denied not; and confessed that 
I am not the Christ. 

Aqoya)N£, verb perf. 3. pers. sing. MTTFqxa)A fboA, 
verb, negat. perf. 3. pers. sing, from xo)A fboA. anok, 
pron. 1. pers. sing. 



From the Hymns for the Principal Feasts. 

ttaAin on AqMOtyi 
Again he walked 
0)A O^MOyN CNAy*) 
To Shmoun the second; 
AqSODp FBOA NNIXAXI 
He dispersed the enemies 
t>FN niMA FTFMHAy. 
In that place. 

*) The name of a city of ancient Egypt. 

mxo)K. 



Index 

of the 

Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. 

A, Prefix Imperative, p. 54. 

A, Pref. 1st Perf. 3. p. sing-, m. and f. 47. 3. p. plur. 48. 

A, about, p. 44. 

AG, Prefix negat. p. 106. 

At, Pref. 1st Perf. 1st p. sing-, p. 47. 

AtNA, Pief. 2. Fut. 1. p. £ng. p. 51. 

AINE, Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 51. 

AK, Pref. 1. Perf. 2. p. sing-, m. p. 47. 

AKNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 51. 

AN, Pref. 1. Perf. 1. p. plur. p. 48. 

AN, Pref. negat. p. 79. 

ANNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 51. 

ANNE, Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 51. 

AOyT, Panic, p. 65. 

ApE, Pref. 1. Perf. 2. p. sing. f. p. 47. 

ApENA, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. m. and f. sing. p. 51 

ApETEN, Pref. 1. Perf. 2. p. plur. p. 48. 

ApETENNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51. 

Apt, Pref. Imperat. p. 54. 

AC, Pref. 1. Perf. 3. p. sing. f. p. 47. 

ACNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 3. p. sing. f. p. 51. 

AT, Pref. negat. p. 106. 

ATETEN, Pref. p. 66. 



118 Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. 

ATFTH, Pref. 1. Perf. 2. p. plur. p. 48. 

Ay ? Pref - *• Perf - 3 - P- Plur- 48. 

ay? Suff - 3 - P ers - P lur - P- 37 « 

AyNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 51. 

Aq, Pref. 1. Perf. 3. p. sing-, m. p. 47. 

AqNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 3. p. sing. m. p. 51. 

AXIT, Ordinal for hours, p. 43. 

r, Suff. to verbs. 2. p. sing. m. for K p. 97. 

F, Pref. Infinit. p. 54. 

F, Suff. 2. p. f. p. 36, 45, 97. 

F, Sign of the Dative, Accus. and Ablat. p. 21, 22, 23. 

F, Sign of the Participle, p. 65. 96. 

F, Forms Adjectives, p. 24. 

F9, Forms Adjectives, p. 24. 

FO, Forms Participles, p. 65. 

F0DF ? Auxiliary verb. p. 90, 91. 

Fl. Pref. 2. Pres. 1. p. sing-, p. 46. 

FIF, Pref. 3. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 51. 

FIN A, Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 51. 

FK, Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. masc. sing-, p. 46. 

FKF, Pref. 3. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 51. 

FKNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 51. 

FA, The Auxiliary verb. Bash. p. 91. 

fAf 3 Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. sing-, f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 47. Bash. 

FN, Pref. 2. Pres. 1. p. plur. p. 47. 

FN, Suff. 1. p. plur. p. 36. 

FN, if, with the Prefixes to verbs, p. 66. 

FNF, if, with the Prefixes to verbs, p. 66. 

FNF, Pref. 3. Fut. 1. p. plur, p. 51. 

FNNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 51. 

FOy, Suff. 3. pers. piur. p. 37. 

Fp ? Auxiliary verb. p. 91. 

FDF, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 47. 



Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. 419 

FpF, Pref. 3. Fut. 2. p. sing, f. and 3. p. sing", and plur. p. 51. 

FpFNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. sing. f. p. 51. 

FpFTFNF, Pref. 3. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51. 

FpFTFNNA, Pref 2. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51. 

EC, Pref. 2. Pres. 3. p. sing. f. p. 47. 

FCF, Pref. 3. Fut. 3. p. sing-, f. p. 51. 

FCNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 3. p. sing. f. p. 51. 

FT, Forms Adjectives, p. 24. 

FT, Forms Participles, p. 65. 

FT A, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing, and plur. m. and f. p. 48. 

FTAl, Pref. 2. Perf. 1. p. sing. p. 48, 65. 

FTAK, Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. sing. m. p. 48, 65. 

FTAN, Pref. 2. Perf. 1. p. plur. p. 48, 66. 

FTApF, Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. sing. f. p. 48, 65. 

FTApFTFN, Pref. 2. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 48, 66. 

FTAC, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing. f. p. 48, 65. 

FTATFTFN, Pref. p. 66. 

FTAy, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. plur. p. 48, 66. 

FTAq, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing. m. p. 48, 65. 

FTF, when, Prefixed to verbs, p. 65. 

FTFTFN, Pref. 2. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 47. 

FTFTN, Pref. 2. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 47. 

FTFTNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51. 

FTFTNF, Pref. 3. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51. 

FTETNNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51. 

FTpF, Auxiliary verb. p. 90, 91. 

Fy, Pref. 2. Pres. 3. p. plur. p. 47. 

FyF, Pref. 3. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 51. 

FyNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 51. 

FU), Sign of the Potential Mood. p. 78. 

FG, Pref. 2. Pres. 3. p. sing. m. p. 47. 

FqF, Pref. 3. Fut. 3. p. sing. m. p. 51. 

FqNA, Pref. 2. Fut 3. p. sing. m. p. 51. 



120 Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. 

F£OTF, Sign of the Comparative, p. 25. 

HOyT, Participles, p. 65. 

HV ; Participles, p. 65. 

HyT, Participles p. 65. 

9 ? Defin. Artie, p. 10. 

OA> Posses. Article, p. 13. 

GpF, Auxiliary Verb. p. 89. 

I, Suff. 1. pers. sing-, and 2. pers. sing. f. p. 36, 45, 97. 

K ? Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. sing. m. p. 45, 46. 

K, Suff. 2. p. sing. m. p. 36, 45, 97. 

KF, Between the Article and noun, p, 103. 

KNA, Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 50. 

KNF, Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 50. 

Aa> much. p. 106. Bash. 

AFM ? a native, p. 105. Bash. 

Af(], Forms compound nouns, p. 105. Bash. 

M, Pref. to Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. p. 21, 22. 

M, Pref. Negat. p. 84. 

MA,, Pref. Imperat. p. 54. 

MAAf, Pref. Optative. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 54. Bash. 

MAAFK, Pref. Optal. 2. p. sing. m. p. 54. Bash. 

MAAFN ; Pref. Optat. 1. p. plur. p. 54. Bash. 

MAAFC, Pref. Optat. 3. p. sing. f. p. 54. Bash. 

MAAFTFN, Pref. Optat. 2. p. plur. p. 54. Bash. 

MAAFq, Pref. Optat. 3. p. sing. m. p. 54 Bash. 

MAAl, Pref. Optat. 1. p. sing. p. 54. Bash. 

MAAoy? Pref - °P lat - 3 - P- P lur - P- 54 - Ba sh. 

MADF ; Pref. Optative 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 54. 

MApFK, Pref. Optat. 2. p. sing. m. p. 54. 

MApFN, Pref. Optat. 1. p. plur. p. 54. 

MApFCj Pref. Optat. 3. p. sing. f. p. 54. 

MApFTFN, Pref. Optat. 2. p. plur. p. 54. 

MApFTN, Pref. Optat. 2. p. plur. p. 54. 



Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. 12: 

MAppq, Pref. Optat. 3. p. sing-, m. p. 54. 
MApi, Pref. Oplat. 1. p. sing-, p. 54. 
MApFT, Pref. Oplat. 2. p. plur. p. 54. 

MADOy? Pref « °P lat - 3 - P- P lur - P- 54 » 
MA£, Forms the Ordinal numbers. Copt. p. 43. 
MF£, Pref. to nouns, Copt. p. 105. 
MET, Pref. to nouns, Copt. p. 105. 
MNT, Pref. to nouns, Sah. p. 105. 
MEg, Forms the Ordinal numbers Sah. p. 43. 
MMAy, Pref. Negat. p. 96. 
MTTATE, Pref. Negat. p. 79, 86. 
MTTF, Pref. Negat. p. 79. 85. 
HTTEAj, Pref. Negat. p. 89. Bash. 
MlTFp, Pref. Negat. p. 89. 
MTTp, Pref. Negat. p. 89. 
N, Pref. Negat. p. 79. 
N, Pref. to Gen., Dal., Ace., Abl. p. 21, 22. 
IT, Pref. 2. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 47. 
h, Pref. Infinit. p. 54. 
N, Suff. 1. p. plur. p. 36, 46, 97. 
N, Definite Arlic. plur. p. 11. 
NA, Possess. Article, plur. p. 13. 
NA. About, p. 44. 

NAt TTF, Pref. Imperf. 1. p. sing. p. 47. 
NAINA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 52. 
NAINF, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 52. Bash. 
NAK FTF, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. sing. m. p. 47. 
NAKNA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 52. 
NAKNF, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 52. Bash. 
NAN TTF, Pref. Imper. 1. p. plur. p. 47. 
NANNA, Pref. Imper. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 53. 
NANNF, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 53. Bash. 
NApF TTF, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 47. 

16 



122 Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. 

WADENA, Pref. Imper. Ful. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and pi. p. 52, 53. 

NADFNF, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing, f. and 3. p. sing, and pi. p. 52,53. 

NApFTFN TTF, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. plur. p. 47. 

NApFTFNNA, Pref. Imperf. Ful. 2. p. plur. p. 53. 

NApFTFN NF, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 53. 

NAC TTF. Pref. Imperf. 3. p. sing. f. p. 47. 

NACNA, Pref. Imperf. Ful. 3. p. sing. p. 52. 

NAY TTF, Pref. Imperf. 3. p. plur. p. 47. 

NAYNAj P ref - Imperf. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 53. 

NAtl TTF, Pref. Imperf. 3. p. sing. m. p. 47. 

NAC1NA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3. p. sing. m. p. 52. 

Nr, Pref- Subjunct. 2. p. sing. m. p. 53. 

NF, Defin. Article plur. p. 11. 

NF, v erb. p. 92. 

NF TTF, 



M 



Irreg. verb. p. 92. 
NF TF ; 

NF A TTF, Pref Pluperf. 3. p. sing. m. and f. p. 48. 
NF Al TTF, Pref. Pluperf. 1. p. sing. p. 48. 
NF AK TTF, Pref. Piuperf. 2. p. sing. m. p. 48. 
NF AN TTF, Pref. Pluperf. 1. p. plur. p. 49. 

NF AOF TIF, Pref. Pluperf. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing. m. and f. p. 48. 
NF ApFTFN TTF, Pref. Pluperf. 2. p. plur. p. 49. 
NF AC TTF, Pref. Pluperf. 3. p. sing. f. p. 48. 
NF ATFTN TTF, Pref. Pluperf. 2. p. plur. p. 49. 
NF AY TTF, Pref. Pluperf. 3. p. plur. p. 49. 
NF A(| TTF, Pref. Pluperf. 3. p. sing. m. p. 48. 
NF U)Al TTF., Pref. Imperf. Indef. 1. p. sing. p. 49. 
NF CI^AK TTF., Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. sing. m. p. 49. 
NF C^aAf TTF, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. sing, f.and 3. p. sing, and pi. p. 49. 
NF tt)AN TTF, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 1. p. plur. p. 49. 
NF U)AOF TTF, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, andpl. p.49, 50. 
NF 0)AOFTFN TTF, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. plur. p. 50. 
NF W)AC TTF, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 3. p. sing. f. p. 49, 50. 



Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. 123 

NF 0)ATFTFN TTF 5 Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. plur. p. 50. 

NF U^ATFTN TTF. Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. pkir. p. 50. 

NF W)Ay TTF, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 3. p. plur. p. 50. 

NFl TTF, Pref. Imperf. 1. p. sing-, p. 47. 

NFINA TTF, Pref. Imperf. Fill. 1. p. sing-, p. 52. 

NFK TTF. Pref Imperf. 2. p. sing-, m. p. 47. 

NFKNA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing, m. p. 52. 

NFN, Defin. Arlic. plur. p. 10. 

NFN TTF; Pref. Imperf. 1. p. plur. p. 47. 

NFNNA TTF, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 53. 

NFC TTF, Pref. Imperf. 3. p. sing", p. 47. 

NFCNA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3. p. sing. p. 62. 

NFTFTH TTF, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. plur. p. 47. 

NFTFTN A TTF, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 53. 

NFY TTF, Pref. Imperf. 3. p. plur. p. 47. 

NFyNA TTF, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 53. 

NFDF TTF, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. sing. f. 3. p. sing-, and plur. p. 47, 

NFpFNA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing-, and pi. p. 52, 53. 

MFC, Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. f. p. 53. 

NFC], Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. m> p. 53. 

NFq TTF, Pref. Imperf. 3. p. sing-, p. 47. 

NFqNA TTF; Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3. p. sing-, p. 52. 

Nl, Defim Artie, plur. p. 10, 11. 

NH 9 Defin. Artie, plur. p. 1 1 . 

NNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. plur, p. 51, 

RC, Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. f. p. 53. 

HFF, Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. plur. p. 53. 

FIT A, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing. m. and f. and 3. p. plur. p. 48, 

HTA. Pref. Subjunct. 1. p. sing. p. 53. 

NTAt, Pref. 2. Perf. 1. p. sing. p. 48. 

NTAK, Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. sing. m. p. 48. 

NTAN, Pref. 2. Perf. 1. p. plur. p. 48, 

NTAp, Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. sing. f. p. 48. 

16* 



124 Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. 

NTAC, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing. f. p. 48. 

RTATFTR, Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. piur. p. 48. 

NT AY, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. plur. p. 48. 

RTAq, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing-, m. p. 48. 

NTE ? Sign of the genitive, plur. p. 21. 

HTF, Pref. Subjunctive, 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 53. 

NTFK, Pref. Subjuncl. 2. p. sing. m. p. 53. 

NTFAfI, Pref. Bash. 1. p. sing. p. 65. 

NTFAeq, Pref. Bash. 3. p. sing. p. 65. 

NTFN. Pref. Subjunct. 1. p. plur. p. 53. 

NTFDF, when, with prefixes to verbs, p. 65. 

NTFC, Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. f. p. 53. 

NTFTFN, Pref. Subjunct. 2. p. plur. p. 53. 

NTFTN, Pref. Subjuncl. 2. p. plur. p. 53. 

TlTrT, Pref. Subjunct. 1. p. plur. p. 53. 

NTFq, Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. p. 53. 

NTOy, Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. plur. p. 53. 

Hq, Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. m. p. 53. 

NgOyO, Comparative, p. 25. 

N2CF, Sign of the Nominative. Copt. p. 21. Prefix, to verbs, p. 105. 

Fl(Fl, Sign of the Nominative. Sahid. p. 21. Pre£ to verbs, p. 105. 

OOyT, Participle, p. 65. 

Oy, Iridefin. Article sing. p. 12. 

Oy, Suff. 3. p. plur. p. 37, 47, 97. 

OyAN, Used for the verb, to be, to have. p. 95. 

OyFN, apart, p. 44. 

OyN, apart, p. 44. 

OyNA, Pref, 2. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 51. 

OyNF, apart, p. 44 

OyON ? Used for the verb to be, to have, p. 95, 

OyODN, apart, p. 44. 

TT, Dcfin. Article, m. sing. p. 10, 11. 

TTA, Possess. Article, m. p. 13. 



Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. 125 

TTAXtN, Particip. pers. sing-, p. 54. 

TTF, Definit. Article, m. sing', p. 11. vocat. p. 21. 

TIE, Verb to &*, p. 91. 

ITFKXIN, Parlicip. 2. p. sing. p. 54. 

TTFO, Signifies days. p. 44. 

TTF(]2CtN, Partieip. 3. p. sing. m. p. 54. 

TTl ? Defin. Art. sing. m. p. 10, 11. vocat. p. 21. 

DF, apart, p. 43. 

OFMj a native, p. 105. 

DM, a native, Sah. p. 105, 

C, Pref. 1. Pres. 3. p. sing-, f. p. 46. 

C, Suff. 3. p. sing.f. p. 37, 46, 97. 

CA, An artificer, p. 105. 

CF, Pref. 1. Pres. 3. p. plur. p. 46. 

CFNA, Pref. 1. Ful. 3. p. plur. p. 50. 

CFNF, Pref. 1. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 50. 

CNA, Pref. 1. Fut. 3. p. sing. f. p. 50. 

CNF, Pref. 1. Fut. 3. p. sing. f. p. 50. 

COy> Prefixed to days forms the Ordinal number, p. 43. 

T 9 Defin. Artie, sing-, f. p. 10, 11. 

T, Suff. 1. p. sing. p. 36, 97. 

TA, Pref. 4. Fut. 1. p. sing-, p. 52, 

TA, Possess. Article, f. sing-, p. 13. 

TAAFTFN, Pref. 4. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 52. 

TApFKj, Pref. 4. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 52. 

TApFC, Pref. 4. Fut. 3. p. sing. f. p. 52. 

TApFTH, Pref. 4. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 52. 

TApFq, Pref. 4. Fut. 3. p. sing. m. p. 52. 

TApH, Pref. 4, Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 52. 

TApt, Pref. 4. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 52. 

TApOy, Pref. 4. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 52. 

TF, Definit. Article, sing. f. p. 11. 

TF, Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. sing-, f. p. 46. 



12G Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c 

TE, Suff. 2. p. sing. f. p. 97. 

TEN, Pref. 1. Prcs. 1. p. plur. p. 46. 

TEN, Suff. 1. p. plur. p. 97. 

TEN A, Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. sing-, f. p. 50 and 1. p. plur. p. 56. 

TENNA, Pref. 1. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 50. 

TENNE, Pref. 1. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 56. 

TEpA, Pref 4. Fut. 2. p. sing. f. p. 52. 

TETEN, Pref 1. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 46. 

TETENNA, Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 50. 

TETN, Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 46. 

TETNA, Pref. 1. Fut. 2 p. plur. p. 50. 

TETNNA, Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 50. 

TM, Pref. negative, p. 87, 88. 

TR, Pref. 1. Pres. 1. p. plur. p. 46. 

TN ; Suff. 3. p. plur. p. 36. 2. p. plur. and 1. p. plur. p. 97. 

TOEj a part, p. 44. 

TpE, The Auxiliary Verb, to be, to do, p. 89. 

Y, Suff. 3. p. plur. p. 46. 

(j), Defin. Article, sing. m. p. 10. 

(j)Aj Possess. Article, m. sing. p. 13. 

X, Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. sing. m. p. 46. 

XNA, Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 50. 

0), Sign of the vocat. p. 21. 

(jDOyT, Participle, p. 65. 

U), Sign of ihe Potential Mood. p. 78. 

U)Al, Pref. Pres. Indef. 1. p. sing, p, 49. 

0}AK ? Pref. Pres. Indef. 2. p. sing. m. p. 49. 

G)AAe, Pref. Pres. Indef. 2. p. sing, and 3. p. sing, and pi. p. 49. Bash. 

OJAN, //*, with the prefixes, p. 67, 88, 

O^ANTE; Until, with the prefixes, p. 66. 

U)ApEj Pref. Pres. Indef. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 49. 

tt)ApETEN ? Pref. Pres. Indef. 2. p. plur. p.;49. 

0}AC ; Pref. Pres. Indef. 3. p. sing. f. p. 49. 



Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. 127 



U)ATF, Until, with the prefixes, p. 66. 
0)ATETeN. Pref. Pres. Indef. 2. p. plur. p. 49. 
UJATFTN, Pref. Pres. Indef. 2. p. plur. p. 49. 

a)Ay> Pref - Pres - Indef - 3 - P- P ,ur - P- 49 - 

U)Aq, Pref. Pres. Indef. 3. p. sing-, m. p. 49. 

(yoy? Pre f- implying- worthiness, p. 79. 105. 

0)TFM, Pref. negative, p. 87, 88. 

q, Suff. 3. p. sing-, m. p. 37, 46, 97. 

q, Pref. 1. Pres. 3. p. sing-, m. p. 46. 

qNA, Pref. 1. Ful. 3. p. sing. m. p. 50. 

qNF, Pref. 1. Fut. 3. p. sing-, m. p. 50. Bash. 

2 A; a person, master, &e. p. 106. 

£AN, Indef. Article, plur. p. 12. 

gPN, Indef. Article, plur. p. 12. 

£H ; Indef. Art. plur. p. 12. 

XA, Verb. p. 92. 

XE, Conjunction p. 99 and verb. p. 92. 

XIN, Participle, taking the article and infixes, p. 65. 

XOO, Verb. p. 92. 

XTT, Forms the Ordinal numbers for hours, p. 45. 

XW, Verb. p. 92. 

(HN, Participle taking the Articles and infixes p. 65. 

»f-, Definit. Article, sing. f. p. 10, 11. 

»f-, Pref. 1. Pres. 1. p. sing-, p. 46. 

\ 9 Suff. 2. p. sing. f. p. 97. 

+NA, Suff. 1. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 50. 

+NF, Suff - Pref - !• F ut- 1« P- sing. p. 50. 



21 . 







■ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS & 

'■huh* 1 

027 250 794 6 



